Ressources

Référence complète : CEDH, 3ième sect., 22 juin 2021, Hurbain c/ Belgique.   Lire l'arrêt.    Abstracts réalisés par la Cour :  Art 10 • Liberté d’expression • Éditeur d’un journal contraint à anonymiser l’archive sur Internet d’un article paru vingt ans auparavant, au nom du droit à l’oubli de l’auteur d’un accident mortel • Mise en balance des intérêts en jeu dans le respect de la jurisprudence de la Cour • Identité d’une personne privée sans notoriété n’apportant aucune valeur ajoutée d’intérêt général à l’article litigieux, dont le maintien en ligne était susceptible de créer un « casier judiciaire virtuel » • Préjudice pour la personne mentionnée eu égard notamment au temps s’étant écoulé depuis la publication de l’article d’origine • Intégrité préservée de la version originale de l’article archivé • Motifs pertinents et suffisants • Mesure proportionnée • Obligation pour les médias de vérifier leurs archives et de procéder à une mise en balance des droits en jeu seulement en cas de demande expresse à cet effet

Référence complète : Gibert, M., Faire la morale aux robots. Une introduction à l'éthique des algorithmes, Flammarion, 2021, 168 p.   Lire le commentaire de l'ouvrage sur le site NonFiction. 

► Référence complète :  Oumedjkane,  A., Tehrani, A. & Idoux, P.,  Public Norms and Compliance in times of Crisis: Monumental Goals tested: Elements for a Problematic,  in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.),  Compliance Monumental Goals, series « Compliance & Regulation », Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant. -   ► Résumé de l'article (fait par les auteurs): In this paper, compliance refers to the fact that large private firms, through internal procedures designed to abide by public norms, participate in achieving the goals set out by public authorities, as the latter cannot reach those goals without help (proper functioning of financial markets, environment protection, fight against the corruption…). While in times outside a crisis period, the need to maintain a close link between public norms and compliance to achieve those “monumental goals” has been established, the validity of this analysis must be assessed during crisis periods. Indeed, to put an end to the turmoil as soon as possible, it is tempting to rely primarily on public authorities.  Should then be studied, in the light of the health crisis, the possibility that the link between public norms and compliance be altered in times of crisis. Not only is the normative reaction of public authorities very intense during the period, but some features of the compliance could lead one to think that compliance is in no way useful in a context of emergency and instability. This paper nevertheless suggests that to achieve monumental goals, it is necessary to maintain a close link between public norms and compliance. Such a link was maintained indeed, even at the height of the health crisis, and this should probably also be the case beyond this period, as breaking the link involves some risks which are not specific to the current health crisis. In other words, despite its shortcomings, compliance may not lose all its assets in times of crisis. -     📕 lire la présentation générale de l'ouvrage dans lequel l'article est publié

Référence complète : Valluis, B., Etats-Unis : les lois d'un empire sans frontières, in Abis, S., Le Déméter 2021, 2021, pp. 265-280. -   Valluis, Bernard. « États-Unis : les lois d’un empire sans frontières », Sébastien Abis éd., Le Déméter 2021. IRIS éditions, 2021, pp. 265-280.

► Référence complète : R.Pavlenko Chapuis. Noms de domaine et modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits, thèse,  Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas, 2021, 675 p. - 🦉Cette thèse  est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

Référence complète: Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, 17 juin 2021.   Lire le jugement. 

Référence complète: CJUE, Grande chambre, Arrêt Facebook Ireland e.a. contre Gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit, C-645-19, 15 juin 2021 Lire l'arrêt Lire le résumé de l'arrêt produit par la Cour Lire le communiqué de presse

Référence complète : White House, Memorandum on Establishing the Fight Against Corruption as a core United States National Security Interest, 3 juin 2021   Lire le Memorandum

Référence complète : Hochmann, Th., Un succès d'exportation : la conception allemande du contrôle de proportionnalité, AJDA 2021, p. 805 s. 

Référence générale : Amico, Th., Compliance or the passage from ex post to ex ante: a Compernican revolution for the criminal lawyer?, in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Regulation & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance et Bruylant, 2021, pp. 165-172   Consulter une présentation générale du volume dans lequel l'article a été publié.    - Résumé en français de l'article publié en anglais (résumé fait par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) Après s'être référé à diverses définitions du Droit de la Compliance, l'auteur insiste sur l'utilité de l'avocat pénaliste en ce que celui-ci, connaisseur de l'Ex Post que constitue la sanction, peut être de bon conseil dans l'Ex Ante dans lequel se développent de nouveaux mécanismes de compliance, comme la cartographie des risques ou l'évaluation des tiers.  Abordant la dimension punitive du Droit de la Compliance, l'auteur montre que l'avocat pénaliste y a donc naturellement sa place, qu'il s'agisse des pouvoirs exercés par une Autorité administrative ou du Droit pénal proprement dit. En ce qu'il peut « anticiper les procédures pénales », l'avocat pénaliste est donc le mieux à même de faire en sorte que l'entreprise ne s'y expose pas, notamment dans une bonne maîtrise des enquêtes internes, écartant ainsi d'elle le risque pénal.    Consulter les résumés des autres articles composant l'ouvrage.     -      

Full reference : Gutierrez-Crespin, A., Audit of Compliance systems, in Frison-Roche, M.-A., « Compliance Tools » , in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 151-158.   Read a general presentation of the volume in which the article has been published   - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The author identifies what characterizes a « Compliance audit ». Different from a « Compliance program », which is an instrument of constraint, and even from an internal investigation, which aims to detect breaches, the Compliance audit aims to measure the risks of discrepancy in relation to Compliance requirements. or even identify areas for improvement. From this definition, it is explained how concretely a Compliance audit is carried out, by a risk-based approach, and who are the actors (internal and external to the company).   Read the other summaries   -

Full Reference : Calandri, L, Incentive(s) and Self-Regulation(s): what place for Compliance Law in the Audiovisual Sector?, in M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance et Bruylant, 2021, pp. 131-140.   See the General Presentation of the book   - Article Summary (done by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The author has taken the audiovisual sector, « pilot » in the matter, to measure very precisely the way in which in France the jurisprudence of the Conseil d'État (French Council of State) has introduced a logic of Compliance by leaving the operators free to organize themselves, while supervising them. After allowing, by the 2016 decisions Fairvest and Société Numéricable, the judicial control of acts of Soft Law, in particular those issued by the French Audiovisual Regulator, the Conseil d'État has organized a more flexible relation between Sector and Regulator, the author referring the Regulator's declaration that he is not the « gendarme » of this sector. The French Council of State isolates among its acts those which are only incentive and escape the control by the judge, in the same way as acts of soft law adopted by the companies of the sector, expression of a self-regulation, They also escape litigation and are therefore also « unjustifiable ». The author concludes that this completely renovates the governance of the sector, the Regulator by becoming more the arbiter and the supervisor of this new soft law.   Read the other articles summaries.     -    

Full reference : Burlingame, R., Coppens, K, Power, N. & Lee, D.H., Anti-Corruption Compliance: Global Dimension of Enforcement and Risk Management , in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 199-208.   Read a general presentation of the volume in which the article has been published. -   Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The authors show that the authors certainly face a diversity of legal systems due to their multiple localization, but in reality in terms of fight against corruption the French authority, the English authority and the American authority develop similar requirements in a common spirit. Indeed by reading the texts, in particular soft law, issued by the French Anticorruption Agency, the Department of Justice and the Serious Fraud Office, it appears that the primary concern is in the effectiveness of the compliance program adopted by companies. The authorities of the three countries also stress the need for the company's governing bodies to actively promote and disseminate the culture of anti-corruption compliance. For the three authorities, it is more precisely necessary that this program be adapted and tailor-made, that the governing body commits itself to its effective compliance and that a code of conduct, effective training and communication actions, the program to be based on structural internal investigation and whistleblowing mechanisms, and refer to an evaluation. The authors show that beyond the specificities of each of the systems, the three authorities are united in the fight against corruption, which reduces the insecurity of internationally exposed companies.   Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.   -

Full reference : Pailler, L., Technological Tools, Compliance by Design and GDPR: the Protection of Personal Data from Design, in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 299-306   Consult an overview of the volume in which the article was published.   - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The author considers that the GDPR has changed the « paradigm » of data protection for the bearer in Compliance, in that the data controllers must ensure the effectiveness of the rules defined by the Regulation, which they make accounts. In addition, the data, processed by the algorithm, is a “means of compliance” described and is used for vigilance plans and all the other tools, this brick being common to all Compliance Law. To respect Law, and in particular to protect people, Compliance by design continues to integrate « compliance » from the design of its tools through standard techniques (Privacy Enhancing Technologies – Pet's), legalized by the GDPR. The author analyzes the technological means of data protection from the design of the tool, which complement Law and the contract. They are part of the « measures » required to protect people, for example transfers to third countries, these technological means being classified according to their degree of effectiveness. If the principle is free in the choice of technology, but Law requires and controls that it be not only effective but also robust, easy to use and compatible with the tools of use. The author emphasizes that the notion of « effectiveness » encompasses these particular requirements. This effectiveness, which must be proven a priori (« documented ») is checked by the Authorities in the appropriateness of the measurement techniques, their effective implementation and their concrete effect. Even if this is only subject to the state of the art, it must develop its technical resources, helped by the authorities (cf. « compliance pack » of the CNIL (French data regulator)). Even if the powers were aimed at optimizing costs, he must bear them, the context and the purpose of the processing do not ultimately become proportional. So if the risk is very high for people, it will be necessary to insert techniques and protectors other than those of Compliance Law. -   Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.   -

Full reference : Koenigsberg, S. et Barrière, Fr, Th., The Development of Attorney's Compliance Expertise , in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 159-164.   Consult an overview of the volume in which the article was published.   - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The authors observe that many law firms are now developing expertise in compliance, either in departments or in teams. They emphasize that this expertise is achieved through specialization, which makes it possible to support companies, in Ex Ante (for example in mergers) and in Ex Post (in litigation) in continuum between the two. Moreover, this expertise is built in a collaborative way between the team of lawyers and the company concerned, which reinforces this necessary continuity. -   Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.

Full reference : Larouer, M., The Manifestation of Incentives Mechanisms in French Compliance Law, in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 113-122. Consult an overview of the volume in which the article was published. - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The author develops in the introduction the idea that Law itself accepts the notion of incentive as being consubstantial with it, relying in particular on codes of conduct. Then the article develops demonstrations of incentive Law as a tool of complicity, first of all in the fight against corruption: the decision of the Sanctions Commission of the Agency Française Anticorruption (French Anti-Corruption Agency) shows that the recommendations of this Agency encourage the company to comply, protecting it from a sanction if it submits to it but does not prevent it from organizing in any other way. In addition, the judgment of the Commercial Chamber of the Court de Cassation (cassation court) stated that the breach of a contractual obligation which is however only the resumption of a constraint lodged in a compliance program which targets a third party justifies the termination of the contract. . More generally, the author shows that the legal system encourages companies to integrate Compliance by publishing vigilance plans and extra-financial performance, while noting that companies do not always do so. The article also concludes that French Compliance Law in its use of incentives is only at its « beginnings ».   Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.   -

Full reference : Tardieu, H., Data Sovereignty and Compliance , in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 123-130. Consult an overview of the volume in which the article was published.   - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) After having considered that Europe had in terms of power « lost the battle » of personal data, the author asks for the same error, linked to a lack of interest at the start, not be repeated concerning « company data ». The European Commission having affirmed its will in 2020, it is now necessary to build a « European ecosystem » for the sharing of industrial data in confidence. For this, the author explains that it is necessary to develop « incentives for the sharing of company data », in order to increase their available volume and fuel common progress in Artificial Intelligence between European companies and to use common complementary data, which 'none could generate alone, allowing the creation of new services. These incentives can be new and adapted « regulations », but also the adoption by the industry of a « common data model ». But the author stresses that it is necessary to go, by experiments allowed by the « regulatory sandboxes ». This will allow the deployment of data sharing, with Compliance being able to contribute to it, a path for a sovereign Europe of shared industrial data, a monumental objective which can thus be achieved. - Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.   -

Full reference : Merabet, S. La morale by design , in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 307-318. Consult an overview of the volume in which the article was published.   - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) After having wondered about the relationship between Law and Morality, for which it is difficult to find points of contact, the author advances the hypothesis that the latter could find a space of concretization in the technology of artificial intelligence, even though many are worried about the deleterious effects of it. The author considering that Compliance is only a method while ethics would be the way in which morality is incorporated in a relaxed way in Law, the technology known as Artificial Intelligence could therefore express the moral rule (« compliance by design could be the appropriate tool to ensure the effectiveness of moral rules without falling into the excesses envisaged »). The author draws on examples to estimate that thus technology for on the one hand expressing the moral rule and on the other hand making it effective. The moral rule can thus be drawn up in a balanced way since it is jointly developed between the State and the economic operators, this collaboration taking the form of general principles adopted by the State using the means chosen by the company. Its content would also be characterized by the search for a « right balance », which would be found by this distribution between the primary moral principles whose expression would be the act of the State and the secondary moral principles whose expression would be delegated to companies. Taking therefore what would be the principles of Compliance, the author applies them to Artificial Intelligence, showing that these technologies include not only the principle of neutrality but also the ethical principles of non-maliciousness, even of benevolence. (first principles) that companies then decline into secondary principles. Therefore, « compliance can usefully be used to convert these fundamental moral principles into derived moral rules, a source of greater effectiveness. ». Thus resulting in a « moral by design », the overall system has an additional effectiveness tool. This supposes that the fundamental and derived rules are of an acquired moral quality because for the moment the technological tool can only ensure their effectiveness and not the moral quality of the implemented rules. In determining the « moral rules of application », the company has margins of freedom, used through technological tools.   -   .       Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.   -

Full reference : Rapp, L., Incentive Theory and Governance of Space Activities, in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 83-100   Consult an overview of the volume in which the article was published.   - Summary of the article (done by the author) The article studies the conditions for an application of the theory of incentives to the problems currently posed by the governance of space activities. These activities have been enriched by the presence of numerous private operators, without the market that is being set up having yet been properly regulated. The accumulation of debris in close space highlights the difficulty of maintaining a situation where only national laws govern in the absence of a specialized international organization and in the insufficiency of the international treaties in force. This article shows the contributions of the behavioral approach in Law and economics and the interest that there would be in developing it. - Consult the summaries of the other articles composing the book.   -

Full reference : Causse, H., Compliance Training: Through and Beyond Traditional Legal Training , in M.-A. (dir.), Compliance Tools, série "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance and Bruylant, 2021, pp. 231-244.   Read a general presentation of the volume in which the article has been published   - Summary of the article (by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche) The author emphasizes that not only Compliance training is required by Law but also that it is necessary. To conceive and practice it, it is certainly necessary to integrate new knowledge, often outside Law, but it is also necessary to preserve the qualities of the classical teaching of classical Law. This is why training is an essential aid and asset for companies. The article shows that the international dimension specific to the subject and that the cultural confrontation it translates must be inserted into traditional legal systems, training succeeding by highlighting the practical imperatives of which Compliance relays the concern. To achieve this, the author maintains that it is above all the classical qualities of the lawyer and the teacher that are required; classical Law thus finding a revival, as teaching methods are revitalized by this new Compliance Law. Its teaching must therefore be anchored both in traditional legal principles and in techniques specific to Compliance mechanisms.   -     Read other summaries   -