Ressources

► Référence complète : M. Paulet, Les notes de crédit produites par les agences de notation financière. Contribution à l'étude des notions juridiques d'opinion et d'avis en droit privé, préf. M.-L. Coquelet & M. Pichard, Dalloz, coll. « Nouvelle Bibliothèque de Thèses », vol. 226, 2023, 592 p. - 📗lire la 4ième de couverture - 📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage - 📗lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage - ► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "Le règlement (CE) n° 1060/2009 du 16 septembre 2009 relatif aux agences de notation est généralement lu à partir du postulat selon lequel celles-ci exerceraient un pouvoir exorbitant sur les investisseurs. Dans ce cadre, la réglementation des agences est conçue comme un corps de normes exceptionnel, apprécié à l’aune de son aptitude à encadrer ce pouvoir et à protéger les intérêts des investisseurs. Cette approche théorique ne rend cependant pas compte de la véritable rationalité de la réglementation des agences, laquelle se borne à organiser l’activité de notation et le statut des agences en appliquant aux notes le régime juridique conforme à leur double nature : elles sont des opinions – qui plus est des opinions financières à raison de leur objet –, c’est-à-dire des affirmations subjectives exprimant des vérités relatives quant au risque de défaut d’un émetteur de titres financiers ; elles sont des avis, c’est-à-dire des opinions consacrées par le droit aux fins d’éclairer une décision, en ce qu’elles sont inscrites dans des procédures décisionnelles du législateur en matière bancaire et financière. Comme toute opinion, les notes peuvent être librement exprimées, sous réserve d’être fondées sur une base factuelle suffisante afin de protéger les intérêts des personnes sur lesquelles elles portent, à savoir les émetteurs de titres financiers. Comme toute opinion financière, elles se voient appliquer la réglementation relative aux abus de marché dès lors qu’elles revêtent une valeur informationnelle afin de protéger les marchés financiers. Comme tout avis, elles sont soumises à un principe d’intégrité qui vise à préserver la subjectivité technique des agences qui est déterminante de la consécration de leurs notes au rang d’avis.". -

► Référence complète : S. Djemni-Wagner, avec la collaboration de V. Vanneau, Droit(s) des générations futures, IERDJ, coll. « Études », 2023, 155 p. - 📓lire le rapport - 📓lire la présentation du rapport -  

► Référence complète : N. Moreno Belloso & N. Petit, « The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA). A Competition Hand in a Regulatory Glove », (2023) 48 European Law Review, 391, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4411743 - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par les auteurs) : "The newly enacted Digital Markets Act (DMA) finds itself at a crossroads. The DMA can develop into a specialist field of competition law for digital platforms or it can evolve into a new field of EU law, detached from competition law. The DMA’s ultimate trajectory will depend on the legal characterization given to the DMA. Is it a special competition law regime or an original instrument distinct from competition law? This paper lays the groundwork for characterizing the DMA by offering a complete descriptive analysis of the instrument. Among the elements discussed are the twin concepts of “gatekeepers” and “core platform services”, which together condition the DMA’s scope of application, as well as the legal obligations imposed on gatekeepers. The paper proposes a novel categorisation of the obligations, showing that each obligation can be associated with at least one of two conventional competition law concerns (exclusion or exploitation). The discussion shows the difficulty of pinpointing the exact nature of the DMA. We argue that this ambiguity creates challenges for the practical implementation of the DMA.". - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : A. Danis-Fatôme & N. Hoffschir, « La loi sur le devoir de vigilance rendue ineffective par le juge », Revue des sociétés, 2023, p. 793. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -  

► Référence complète : A. Latil, Le droit du numérique. Une approche par les risques, Hors Collection, Dalloz, 2023, 300 p. - 📗lire la 4ième de couverture  - 📗lire la table des matières - ► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'auteur) : "Le droit du numérique est une matière en pleine construction. Cet ouvrage propose d'éclairer son histoire, ses évolutions et ses nombreuses ramifications. en droit civil, en droit de la consommation et en droit pénal. mais aussi en droit administratif et en matière de libertés fondamentales. Il envisage les activités numériques comme la mise en oeuvre de techniques. au même titre que les techniques industrielles ou scientifiques. Le droit du numérique est fondé sur une « approche par les risques ». Cette approche est aujourd'hui au centre des politiques publiques européennes et internationales. Elle s'applique au droit des marchés financiers, au droit alimentaire ou encore au droit de la cybersécurité. Ses trois dimensions sont ici explorées : l'approche par les risques est libérale. préventive et résiliente. Le droit des risques trouve ses racines dans la philosophie et la sociologie des techniques. Il vise la protection de la santé, de la sécurité et des droits fondamentaux en mobilisant des notions complexes. comme la confiance, la neutralité, la souveraineté, l'innovation ou encore la résilience. Le droit des risques reste cependant encore mal connu. Il est pourtant à l'origine de mutations majeures de nos systèmes juridiques.". -

► Référence complète : J. Gallois, « Approche comparative des caractéristiques principales de la convention judiciaire d'intérêt public. À propos des dernières CJIP rendues en application de l'article 41-1-2 du code de procédure pénale en 2022 », AJ Pénal, mars 2023, pp. 127-131 - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : « La fin de l'année 2022 a été assurément placée sous le signe de la convention judiciaire d'intérêt public (CJIP). En effet, pas moins de trois accords ont été conclus en moins de trois mois par le parquet national financier (PNF) et plusieurs enseignements peuvent en être tirés. ». - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : CEDH, 5ième sect., 30 mars 2023, François Ruffin c/ France et Association Fakir c/ France, req. n° 29854/22 et 29863/22. - 🏛️lire la décision -

sss 30 mars 2023 Cour d'appel de Grenoble RG n° 20/03989 Ch. Sociale -Section B Lire l'arrêt

► Référence complète : V. Magnier, Déontologie et éthique de l'entreprise, PUF, coll. « Droit & Déontologie », 2023, 260 p. - 📗lire la 4ième de couverture de l'ouvrage - 📗lire la table des matières de l'ouvrage  - ► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "La déontologie et l'éthique d'entreprise naissent de sources éparses, embrassent un large champ thématique et s'étendent à de nombreux acteurs. Le conflit d'intérêts est au coeur des préoccupations déontologiques de l'entreprise, comme en témoignent les procédures pesant sur ses acteurs-clés, dirigeants et actionnaires de référence. Les bonnes pratiques de gouvernance, inspirées des théories sur la gouvernance d'entreprise, se muent aussi en règles déontologiques consignées dans les codes de gouvernance. L'entourage des actionnaires n'est pas épargné, notamment les agences de conseil en vote sur qui pèsent des règles déontologiques. L'éthique d'entreprise est aussi en plein essor. On distingue l'éthique de la transparence, celle des compliances et celle de la vigilance. Ces nouvelles normes éthiques suscitent de fortes attentes, notamment au regard des préoccupations sociétales, environnementales, de la défense des droits de l'homme ou de la lutte contre la corruption.".

► Référence complète : Conseil d'État, 6ième et 5ième chambres réunies, 23 mars 2023, Frichti. - ► Lire la décision -

Référence complète : P. Carolus, « Les perspectives et les enjeux européens du droit pénal économique et des affaires en 2022 », RGCF, 2022, -

► Référence complète : Rapp, L., Compliance, Proportionality and Normativity, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2023, pp. 189-212. - ► Article Summary (done by the Author): Proportionality is to the exercise of powers what subsidiarity is to the exercise of competences: an indicator as well as a limit. It determines the scope and allows for control at the same time. It sets the standard, before being a standard itself. This may explain why, in principle, it is part of the judge's office and his methods of assessment. But a study of its recent evolution shows that it is gradually moving from the ex-post to the ex-ante, which makes it possible to anticipate that it will soon become an effective tool of compliance policies and a useful normative reference. The following developments demonstrate this, by explaining how one moves from the principle of proportionality to proportionality control, from proportionality control to proportional reasoning, from proportional reasoning to compliance control, and finally, in a last desirable evolution, from compliance control to the necessary proportionality of control.  - 📝 consulter la présentation de l'ouvrage dans lequel l'article est publié   -

► Référence complète : Peicuti, C. et Beyssade, J., Feminisation of Positions of Responsibility in the Workplace as a Goal of Compliance. Example of the Banking Sector, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2023, pp. 117-135. - ► Résumé de l'article:  If the Compliance techniques are conceived as taking their meaning by their Goal, the latter being in particular the protection and the effective promotion of human beings, to be reinforced in the future thanks to Compliance Law tools, the example of the effective promotion of efficient equality between women and men in the banking sector to exercise responsible functions is clear. strongly feminized, the image of banking sector remains masculine and in fact too few women exercise positions of responsibility, although no text is opposed to it and all rights have been allocated for this. To move from this situation to a future where equality will be effective, it is therefore in terms of regulatory mechanisms that we should think of the necessary transformation and even more of « transition » so that one day a de facto equality will be established. and appears natural to all. The bank must then structurally integrate this Goal, which corresponds to the definition of Compliance. To do this, the banking company is part of a long-term voluntary Compliance process, relying in particular on human resources and on the public authorities of the European Banking Union which, by further implementing the concept of sustainable economy, facilitated this long-term action. In this transition, each action and result must be considered in relation to this sought-after goal of effective equality: each progress must be valued not so much in relation to the past but in relation to the future. This Ex Ante perspective justifies these self-binding Compliance techniques, such as plans, commitments, quotas, stakeholder implications, and more flexible techniques such as examples given by managers, internal training and joint affirmations with the public authorities, are all used by the company to achieve this Monumental Goal of effective equality between human beings. The banking sector is all the more exemplary for this because the banking authorities themselves deploy incentives in this direction, the definition of Compliance Law as an alliance between the Authorities and the Companies therefore corresponding to such an action clearly in progress, structurally in the BPCE group. -     📝 voir la présentation générale de l'ouvrage 📘Compliance Monumental Goals dans lequel cet article est publié -

► Référence complète: Beaussonie, G., Do Criminal Law and Compliance Form a System?, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dire.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2023, pp. 169-180. - ► Résumé de l'article :  By nature, Criminal Law is a system that is not intended to develop, principles which limit it being internal to it. Nevertheless if Proportionality is respected, its extension may be legitimate to preserve “fundamental social values” because Criminal Law is the branch of Law concerning what is grave, grave in consequences as in causes. Not always being concerned by Efficiency, the temptation is important to supplement Criminal Law with other repressive mechanisms , not only Administrative Repression but today Compliance which pursues concordant objectives and aims by the "Goals Monumental ”to what would be most important and therefore for which Efficiency would be required, in particular because victory (for example against corruption) should be global. Efficiency is obtained by the internalisation in powerful companies, but this efficiency comes at a price and Criminal Law should not impose too many obligations to do maintaining only a potential link with the commission of a "real offense ”. Its association with Compliance can therefore also only be exceptional and must not lead to forget  that Freedom must always remain the principle. -     📝 lire la   présentation générale du livre dans lequel cet article est publié   - 📝 see the general presentation of the book in which this article is published

► Référence complète : R.-O. Maistre, « What are the Monumental Goals for the Regulator in a Rapidly Changing Audiovisual and Digital Landscape? » in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2023, pp. 61-68. - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC):  In France, since the law of 1982 which put an end to the State monopoly on the audio-visual area, the landscape has profoundly evolved and diversified. In view of the multitude of players who are now established there, the Autorité de Régulation de la Communication – Arcom(French High Audiovisual Council) must ensure the economic balance of the sector and the respect for pluralism, in the interest of all audiences. The growing societal responsibilities of audiovisual media and new digital players have multiplied the « monumental goals » on which the Arcom is watching. Its competences have gradually been extended to the digital space and the successive laws concerning its missions aim at new objectives, in particular in terms of protection of minors, fight against online hate or against disinformation. The emergence of a new European model of Regulation makes it possible to give substance to these additional goals, the Regulator adopting a systemic perspective and calling on soft law tools to fulfill its new missions. -   📘 consulter la présentation de l'ouvrage, Compliance Monumental Goals, dans lequel l'article est publié -  

► Référence complète : Vaquieri, J.-F.,  The “Monumental Goals of Compliance” from the Company’s Perspective – the Case of Enedis, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2023, pp. 91-99. - ► Article Summary:  The article aims to show how a particular company in that it is charged by the State to effectively distribute electricity to everyone in France participates in the Monumental Goals, makes them concrete and integrates them into its functioning itself. The firm Enedis, a French monopolistic State company, operator of the distribution network participates directly in these Goals under the express application of the French Energy Code.  Under the control of the Regulator, the company is responsible for the continuity of the electricity supply and responds to the challenges of energy transition, Enedis ensuring equal treatment at national and local level, Compliance thus extending Regulatory system to which this firm responds and which it internalizes. The management of personal data, energy being at the heart of the digital revolution, implies a particularly strong internal framework of Compliance. This articulation between this new Compliance in terms of personal information and this classic Compliance as a continuation of the Regulation to serve the citizen, both converging for the benefit of people, explains that Enedis has put Compliance at the heart of its commitments, particularly expressed in its code of conduct, its industrial and human project (Projet industriel et humain – PIH) and its environmental actions. The Compliance which is specific to Enedis is disseminated by it to various entities, in particular via concession contracts, giving these an original framework. This importance of Compliance for Enedis leads the company through the « Monumental Goals » which unite it to design and maintain balances between the diversity of these so that the values carried by the companies continue to decline, especially locally. -     📝 consulter la présentation de l'ouvrage, Compliance Monumental Goals, dans lequel l'article est publié   -  

► Référence complète : S. Pottier, « In Favour of European Compliance, a Vehicle of Economic and Political Assertion »,  in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Monumental Goals, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. "Compliance & Regulation", 2023, pp. 459-468 - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Monumental Goals, dans cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : Today's monumental goals, particularly environmental and climatic ones, are of a financial magnitude that we had not imagined but the essential stake is rather in the way of using these funds, that is to determine the rules which, to be effective and fair, should be global. The challenge is therefore to design these rules and organize the necessary alliance between States and companies. It is no longer disputed today that the concern for these monumental goals and the concern for profitability of investments go hand in hand, the most conservative financiers admitting, moreover, that concern for others and for the future must be taken into account, the ESG rating and the « green bonds » expressing it. Companies are increasingly made more responsible, in particular by the reputational pressure exerted by the request made to actively participate in the achievement of these goals, this insertion in the very heart of the management of the company showing the link between compliance and the trust of which companies need, CSR also being based on this relationship, the whole placing the company upstream, to prevent criticism, even if they are unjustified. All governance is therefore impacted by compliance requirements, in particular transparency. Despite the global nature of the topic and the techniques, Europe has a great specificity, where its sovereignty is at stake and which Europe must defend and develop, as a tool for risk management and the development of its industry. Less mechanical than the tick the box, Europe makes the spirit of Compliance prevail, where the competitiveness of companies is deployed in a link with States to achieve substantial goals. For this, it is imperative to strengthen the European conception of compliance standards and to use the model. The European model of compliance arouses a lot of interest. The duty of vigilance is a very good example. It is of primary interest to explain it, develop it and promote it beyond Europe. -

► Référence complète : Huglo, Ch.,  Under what Conditions could Climate Law Constitute a Priority Monumental Goal?, in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.),Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, 2023, pp. 181-186. - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance) :  The author considers that the service that Compliance renders to Society can indeed be considered as « Monumental » and, confronting Compliance with the issue of Climate, considers that Climate Law must become not only a « Monumental Goal », but also be the first. He underlines the deep obstacles to even pose this idea, obstacles of two orders, the first being the fact that Law has rather focused on past pollution, while the stake is also the measurement of the future impact and the prevention.  The second is that the many texts and declarations have no direct binding force. It is therefore the courts which today, because of their independence and the place that Science takes in the adversarial debate that takes place before them, Civil Society bringing them the question of the Climate to which they are obliged de jure  to answer , take the decisions on the basis of which the « climate justice » is built.  In this, Climate Law invested by Courts joins Compliance Law in the objectives pursued, putting knowledge, prevention and action to preserve what climate issue puts at stake today: Human Dignity. - 📝 lire la présentation générale du livre, 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, dans lequel cet article est publié -    

► Référence complète : Deffains, B., Compliance and International Competitiveness, in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, 2023, pp. 343-354. - ► Résumé de l'article: Compliance, which can be defined first and foremost as obedience to the law, is an issue for the company in that it can choose as a strategy to do or not to do it, depending on what such a choice costs or brings in. This same choice of understanding is offered to the author of the norm, the legislator or the judge, or even the entire legal system, in that it makes regulation more or less costly, and compliance with it, for companies. Thus, when the so-called “Vigilance” law was adopted in 2017, the French Parliament was criticized for dealing a blow to the “international competitiveness” of French companies. Today, it is on its model that the European Parliament is asking the European Commission to design what could be a European Directive. The extraterritoriality attached to the Compliance Law, often presented as an economic aggression, is however a consubstantial effect, to its will to claim to protect beyond the borders. This brings us back to a classic question in Economics: what is the price of virtue? In order to fuel a debate that began several centuries ago, it is first of all on the side of the stakes that the analysis must be carried out. Indeed, the Law of Compliance, which is not only situated in Ex Ante, to prevent, detect, remedy, reorganize the future, but also claims to face more “monumental” difficulties than the classical Law. And it is specifically by examining the new instruments that the Law has put in place and offered or imposed on companies that the question of international competitiveness must be examined. The mechanisms of information, secrecy, accountability or responsibility, which have a great effect on the international competitiveness of companies and systems, are being changed and the measure of this is not yet taken. - 📘  read the general presentation of the book, Compliance Monumental Goals, in which this article is published -

► Référence complète : Malaurie, M., Monumental Goals of Market Law – Reflection on the Method in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Compliance Monumental Goals, series "Compliance & Regulation", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, 2023, pp. 101-116. - ► Résumé de cet article (done par the JoRC editor):  The analysis done by this article is about Competition Law, and the methodology needed to be adopted for the technical functioning of this branch of Law. Taking up the various economic and legal theories on this subject, conceptions which have succeeded and clashed, the author develops that the monumental goal of Market Law is to develop an economic environment favorable to businesses and consumers, then asks the question if it could integrate an ethical dimension and more broadly non-economic considerations, in particular humanistic ones. -     📘 consulter la présentation de l'ouvrage, Compliance Monumental Goals, dans lequel l'article est publié -