Ressources

► Référence complète : J.-S. Borghetti, « The Relation between Tort Law and Compliance Obligation », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The Author points out that in order to establish civil liability, it is first necessary to find fault, i.e. a deviation from an obligation, which will trigger a secondary obligation, that of reparation. But it can also be argued that it is from liability that this primary obligation arises, civil liability then revealing an obligation which existed only implicitly. That establishes a two-way relationship between liability and obligation. The Compliance Obligation illustrates this, in particular through the Obligation of Vigilance conceived by the French law of 2017. The author therefore devotes the first part of his contribution to civil liability as a result of an Compliance Obligation, especially the Obligation of Vigilance. issued of the French law of 2017. After discussing whether the constraints generated by compliance should be classified as 'obligations', since there is no creditor, which therefore opens the way to liability in tort, he examines the conditions for incurring such liability, which are difficult, particularly with regard to the burden of proof and the demonstration of the causal link. The requirement concerning the latter may evolve in French law towards the admission of proportional causality, as is now accepted in certain cases in German case law. In the second part of his contribution, the author deals with the hypothesis of civil liability as an indicator of a Compliance Obligation. He points out that the claims made, particularly in the cases of TotalOuganda (France) and Milieudefensie v. Shell (Netherlands) seek to obtain from the judge a such « revelation ». The author considers that it is not possible to draw from the  French 2017 law which refers to article 1240 of the French Civil Code on the liability because this article is referred to only in order to organise the consequences of a breach of article L.225-102-4 of the French Commercial Code organising the Obligation of Vigilance (article 1240 being therefore under the secondary obligation described above) and not to feed what this article L.225-102-4 requires under the primary obligation (defined above).  On the other hand, the Shell judgment derives directly from civil liability an obligation to act. This is understandable if one takes the perspective and the measure of the future challenges posed, in this case in the area of climate change. But the author considers that it is up to the legislator to decide on such a development in Liability Law.  - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : A. Supiot, « L'esprit des lois à l'époque globale », RIDE, 2023, n° 3-4, pp. 5-22 - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur) : "La nécessaire critique de la globalisation ne doit pas conduire à céder aux passions identitaires, mais bien au contraire à œuvrer à un nouvel ordre international fondé sur l’apprentissage mutuel et la solidarité des peuples, pour relever ensemble les défis écologiques, sociaux et technologiques des temps présents. Cette voie serait celle d’une véritable mondialisation, qui reconnaîtrait la souveraineté de la limite ainsi que la dette de vie entre générations, et romprait avec l’universalisme en surplomb, sûr d’incarner la raison, pour cultiver un universalisme en creuset, attentif à la diversité des langues, des histoires et des cultures.". - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : V. Magnier, « The transformation of governance and due diligence », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The author develops the tensions caused by Compliance Law and the Duty of Vigilance on corporate governance. The French « Sapin 2 » law targets corruption, while the French « Vigilance » law has a broader scope in terms of risks and the entire value chain. It is logical that this should create tensions in terms of governance, given the monumental goals involved. Companies need to take ownership of the powers delegated to them, which means rethinking their governance and the way in which they exercise their corporate mandates, with the corporate interest, the judge's compass, having to be combined with the adoption of new standards of behaviour formalised voluntarily by ethical charters in line with international standards. On this voluntary and supervised basis, the company must adapt its structure and then contractualise these norms. This ethical approach has an impact on the role of corporate organs, not only in terms of transparency and risk prioritisation, but also proactively in terms of the adoption of commitments whose sincerity will be verified, as reflected, for example, in corporate governance codes (cf.in France the AFEP-MEDEF Code), the setting up of ad hoc committees and the presence of stakeholders, who will be consulted when the vigilance plan is drawn up. She stresses that this creates tensions, that dialogue is difficult, that business secrecy must be preserved, but that stakeholders must become Vigilance watchdogs, a role that should not be left to the public authorities alone. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : E. Maclouf, « Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) :  Summary of this article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : This article looks at the topic Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation from the perspective of Management Science and sets out to resolve the paradox of industrial organisations expressing the ambition of progress for the benefit of people, a humanist ambition that is contradicted by the effects produced by this industrialisation itself, which are harmful to that same humanity. The Compliance Obligation, insofar as it is based on the Monumental Goals and is anchored in Industrial Organisations, aims to resolve this paradox. The science of human organisations aims to allocate nature's scarce resources as efficiently as possible by getting individuals to cooperate, this engineering producing natural, industrial and social disasters, which are themselves more or less anticipated. The Compliance Obligation holds out the hope of better preventing them (Negative Monumental Goal) and managing them, or even improving people's lives (Positive Monumental Goal) by going beyond traditional disciplines and developing Ex Ante. However, Industrial Organisations may also reject the weight of the constraints that this creates for them, calling for deregulation instead. The debate is currently open. Furthermore, by moving from the mechanical logic of conformity to the dynamic logic of the Compliance Obligation, companies find themselves in a situation of systemic uncertainty and must decide on the strategy to be implemented, resulting in a managerialisation of the Law  and implying many new decisions to be taken. The notion of « project » is therefore back at the heart of Industrial Organisations, and more specifically that of « Humanist Project », as embodied by the Compliance Obligation, in a new Organisation where everyone plays their part in the Value Chain. The author draws on the work of Raymond Aron and the Rueff-Armand report to show that the dynamism and strength of Industrial Organisation can support a Humanist Project that is politically developed and fits in with the Economic Rationality of Industrial Organisations. This is all the more necessary as this Regulatory Framework cannot come from the sum of individual actions alone (employees, consumers, investors), as the interests of the company, of the sector, of society, of nature cannot be served by this addition alone, and the claim that the whole is self-regulated by the expression of a single one of these players (who are themselves both inside and outside the industrial organisation) is unsustainable. The Author shows that new entities are therefore being created to regulate Industrial Entities in the public interest through the Compliance Obligation, which inserts an Obligation into the Industrial Organisation modifying its project: the French so-called « Sapin 2 » law is a perfect example of this, encouraging appropriate strategic responses from Industrial Organisations, which have modified their managerial procedures to integrate new strategic projects and involve stakeholders. Finally, because the Compliance Obligation is anchored in Monumental Goals, it can be the basis of the Company's Project and the Players' Project of the players, which leads us to return to the basis of the Organisations Theory, which entrusts to the corporate bodies the power and the mission of defining such a project through corporate deliberations which will then be, in the aforementioned approach of Industrial Rationality, broken down into Objectives and Plans. This is a reminder that Profit is not a Company's Goal: it is the sine qua non of its survival, which is different. A Rational Organisation determines its Project and for ensuring it,  to achieve it, it must not run the risk of going bankrupt. The Compliance Obligation is developing  between this difference and the link between the Project and this necessity to have some profit which is just a Condition. Furthermore, in order to establish this project, the organisation must resolve oppositions (conflictuality) through the complex interplay of players (Jean-Pierre Dupuy). Industrial organisations must respond to the Compliance Obligation. In particular, they do this by developing norms, or by contributing to the development of public norms, and by themselves expressly aiming Goals such as the fight against suffering in the workplace or equality between men and women as falling within the scope of the Compliance Obligation. This framing work is an essential part of the organisation's strategy, and environmental concerns can thus be integrated to a greater or lesser extent into this or that perspective. All this goes beyond the mere logic of conformity. The Compliance Obligation thus enables the production of what the Author calls « adaptive responses by individuals in the face of Systemic Crises and their causes », countering the Anomie which is also a monumental problem in today's society, which has lost its bearings and is suffering from Uncertainty. This Compliance Obligation enables Industrial Entities to integrate into Society, if necessary by coercion, by becoming the vectors of human rights and social and environmental expectations. But the success of this Compliance Obligation presupposes a certain appropriation of the Goals by the scales companies, which taints the Compliance Obligation itself with Uncertainty. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : M. Torre-Schaub, « Environmental and Climate Compliance », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The author starts from the fact that Compliance Law, in that it is not limited to conformity process, and Environmental Law are complementary, both based above all on the prevention of risks and harmful behaviour, environmental crises and the right to a healthy environment involving the strengthening of Environmental Vigilance. It is all the more important to do this because definitions remain imprecise, not least those of Environment and Climate, which are diffuse concepts. Firstly, the contribution sets out the purpose of Environmental Compliance, which is to ensure that companies are vigilant with regard to all kinds of risks: they put in place and follow a series of processes to obtain « progress » in accordance with a standard of « reasonable vigilance ». This requires them to go beyond mere conformity and encourages them to develop their own soft law tools within a framework of information and transparency, so that the climate system itself benefits in accordance with its own objectives. Then the author stresses the preventive nature of Environmental Vigilance mechanisms, which go beyond providing Information to managing risks upstream, in particular through the vigilance plan, which may be unified or drawn up risk by risk, and which must be adapted to the company, particularly in the risk mapping drawn up, with assessment being carried out on a case-by-case basis. Lastly, in the light of recent French case law, the author describes the implementation of the system, which may bring the parties before the Tribunal judiciaire de Paris (Paris Court of First Instance) and then the specialised chamber of the Paris Court of Appeal. The author believes that judges must clarify the obligation of Environmental Vigilance so that companies can adjust to it, and these 2 courts are in the process of doing so. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : D. Gutmann, « Tax Law and Compliance Obligation », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The author takes up the hypothesis of a Compliance Law defined by its Monumental Goals, the realisation of which is entrusted to « crucial operators » and confronts it with Tax Law. The link is particularly effective since these operators possess what governments need in this area: relevant Information. Going further, Compliance Law can give rise to two types of obligations on the part of these operators, either towards others operators who need to be monitored, corrected or denounced, or towards themselves, when they need to make amends. In the first part of this contribution, the author shows that Compliance Obligation reproduces the mechanism of a Tax Law which, for large companies, is embroiled in a process of increasing Globalisation. It enables Governments to aspire to the « Monumental Goals » of combating tax optimisation and impoverishing governments, victims of the erosion of the tax base, in the face of the strategies of companies that are more powerful than they are themselves, by using this very power of firms to turn it against them. Companies become the willing or de facto allies of governments, particularly when it comes to recovering tax debts, or assist them in their stated ambition to achieve social justice.  In this way, the State « manages » Tax Law by cooperating with companies. In the second part, the author outlines the contours of this business Compliance Obligation, which is no longer simply a matter of paying tax. Beyond this financial obligation, it is more a question of mastering Information, particularly when multinational companies are subject to specific tax reporting obligations and are required to reveal their tax strategy, presumed to be transparent and coherent within the group : this legal presumption gives rise to obligations to seek information and ensure coherence, since a single tax strategy is not self-evident in a group. The author emphasises that companies have accepted the principles governing these new compliance obligations and are tending to transform these obligations, particularly Transparency, into a communication strategy, in line with the ESG criteria that have been developed and a desire for fruitful relations with stakeholders. Therefore the tax relations developed by major companies are being extended not only to the tax authorities, but also to NGOs, by incorporating a strong ethical dimension. This is leading to new strategies, particularly in the area of Vigilance. The author concludes: "A n’en pas douter, l’obligation de compliance existe bel et bien en matière fiscale." (« There is no doubt that the Compliance Obligation does exist in tax matters »). - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : L. d'Avout, « Compliance and conflict of laws. International Law of Vigilance-Conformity, based on recent applications in Europe », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur, traduit par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : In the absence of constraints derived from the real international law, vigilance-compliance laws themselves determine their scope of application in space. They do so generously, to the extent that they often converge on the same operators and 'overlap' on the world stage. The result is a hybridation of the law applicable to the definition of Compliance Obligations; a law possibly written « with four hands » or more, which is not always harmonious and which exposes unilateral legislators to occasional retouching their work and their applied regulations. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : L. Rapp, « Compliance, Value Chains and Service Economy », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteur, traduit par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : Based on an analysis of the value chains of companies in the space sector and their recent evolution, this contribution examine the role, place and current transformations of compliance policies and strategies in the context of an industrial transformation that has become essential: the transition from an industrial economy to a service economy. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : R. Sève, « Compliance Obligation and changes in Sovereignty and Citizenship », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The contribution describes "les changements de philosophie du droit que la notion de compliance peut impliquer par rapport à la représentation moderne de l’Etat assurant l’effectivité des lois issues de la volonté générale, dans le respect des libertés fondamentales qui constituent l’essence du sujet de droit." ("the changes in legal philosophy that the notion of Compliance may imply in relation to the modern representation of the State ensuring the effectiveness of laws resulting from the general will, while respecting the fundamental freedoms that constitute the essence of the subject of law"). The contributor believes that the definition of Compliance is due to authors who « jouer un rôle d’éclairage et de structuration d’un vaste ensemble d’idées et de phénomènes précédemment envisagés de manière disjointe.  Pour ce qui nous occupe, c’est sûrement le cas de la théorie de la compliance, développée en France par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche dans la lignée de grands économistes (Jean-Jacques Laffont, Jean Tirole) et dont la première forme résidait dans les travaux bien connus de la Professeure sur le droit de la régulation. » ( "play a role in illuminating and structuring a vast set of ideas and phenomena previously considered in a disjointed manner.  For our purposes, this is certainly the case with the theory of Compliance, developed in France by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche in the tradition of great economists (Jean-Jacques Laffont, Jean Tirole) and whose first form was in her well-known work on Regulatory Law"). Drawing on the Principles of the Law of the American Law Institute, which considers compliance to be a « set of rules, principles, controls, authorities, offices and practices designed to ensure that an organisation conforms to external and internal norms », he stresses that Compliance thus appears to be a neutral mechanism aimed at efficiency through a move towards Ex Ante. But he stresses that the novelty lies in the fact that it is aimed 'only' at future events, by 'refounding' and 'monumentalising' the matter through the notion of 'monumental goals' conceived by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, giving rise to a new jus comune. Thus, "la compliance c’est l’idée permanente du droit appliquée à de nouveaux contextes et défis." ("Compliance is the permanent idea of Law applied to new contexts and challenges").  So it's not a question of making budget savings, but rather of continuing to apply the philosophy of the Social Contract to complex issues, particularly environmental issues.  This renews the place occupied by the Citizen, who appears not only as an individual, as in the classical Greek concept and that of Rousseau, but also through entities such as NGOs, while large companies, because they alone have the means to pursue the Compliance Monumental Goals, would be like « super-citizens », something that the digital space is beginning to experience, at the risk of the individuals themselves disappearing as a result of « surveillance capitalism ». But in the same way that thinking about the Social Contract is linked to thinking about capitalism, Compliance is part of a logical historical extension, without any fundamental break: "C’est le développement et la complexité du capitalisme qui forcent à introduire dans les entités privées des mécanismes procéduraux d’essence bureaucratique, pour discipliner les salariés, contenir les critiques internes et externes, soutenir les managers en place" ("It is the development and complexity of capitalism that forces us to introduce procedural mechanisms of a bureaucratic nature into private entities, in order to discipline employees, contain internal and external criticism, and support the managers in place") by forcing them to justify remuneration, benefits, and so on. Furthermore, in the words of the author, "Avec les buts monumentaux, – la prise en compte des effets lointains, diffus, agrégés par delà les frontières, de l’intérêt des générations futures, de tous les êtres vivants – ,  on passe, pour ainsi dire, à une dimension industrielle de l’éthique, que seuls de vastes systèmes de traitement de l’information permettent d’envisager effectivement." ("With the Monumental Goals – taking into account the distant, diffuse effects, aggregated across borders, the interests of future generations, of all living beings – we move, so to speak, to an industrial dimension of ethics, which only vast information processing systems can effectively envisage"). This is how we can find a division between artificial intelligence and human beings in organisations, particularly companies, or in decision-making processes. In the same way, individual freedom does not disappear with Compliance, because it is precisely one of its monumental goals to enable individuals to make choices in a complex environment, particularly in the digital space where the democratic system is now at stake, while technical mechanisms such as early warning will revive the right to civil disobedience, invalidating the complaint of « surveillance capitalism ». The author concludes that the stakes are so high that Compliance, which has already overcome the distinctions between Private and Public Law and between national and international law, must also overcome the distinction between Information and secrecy, particularly in view of cyber-risks, which requires the State to develop and implement non-public Compliance strategies to safeguard the future. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : J.-B. Racine, « Compliance Obligation and Human Rights​ », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The author asks whether human rights can, over and above the many compliance obligations, form the basis of the Compliance Obligation. The consideration of human rights corresponds to the fundamentalisation of Law, crossing both Private and Public Law, and are considered by some as the matrix of many legal mechanisms, including international ones. They prescribe values that can thus be disseminated. Human rights come into direct contact with Compliance Law as soon as Compliance Law is defined as "the internalisation in certain operators of the obligation to structure themselves in order to achieve goals which are not natural to them, goals which are set by public authorities responsible for the future of social groups, goals which these companies must willingly or by force aim to achieve, simply because they are in a position to achieve them". These « Monumental Goals » converge on human beings, and therefore the protection of their rights by companies.  In a globalised context, the State can either act through mandatory regulations, or do nothing, or force companies to act through Compliance Law. For this to be effective, tools are needed to enable 'crucial' operators to take responsibility ex ante, as illustrated in particular by the French law on the Vigilance Obligation of 2017. This obligation takes the form of both a « legal obligation », expression which is quite  imprecise, found for example in the duty of vigilance of the French 2017 law, and in a more technical sense through an obligation that the company establishes, in particular through contracts. Legal obligations are justified by the fact that the protection of human rights is primarily the responsibility of States, particularly in the international arena. Even if it is only a question of Soft Law, non-binding Law, this tendency can be found in the Ruggie principles, which go beyond the obligation of States not to violate human rights, to a positive obligation to protect them effectively. The question of whether this could apply not only to States but also to companies is hotly debated. If we look at the ICSID Urbaser v. Argentina award of 2016, the arbitrators accepted that a company had an obligation not to violate human rights, but rejected an obligation to protect them effectively. In European Law, the GDPR, DSA and AIA, and in France the so-called Vigilance law, use Compliance Lools, often Compliance by Design, to protect human rights ex ante. Contracts, particularly through the inclusion of multiple clauses in often international contracts, express the « privatisation » of human rights. Care should be taken to ensure that appropriate sanctions are associated with them and that they do not give rise to situations of contractual imbalance. The relationship of obligation in tort makes it necessary to articulate the Ex Ante logic and the Ex Post logic and to conceive what the judge can order. The author concludes that "la compliance oblige à remodeler les catégories classiques du droit dans l’optique de les adosser à l’objectif même de la compliance : non pas uniquement un droit tourné vers le passé, mais un droit ancré dans les enjeux du futur ; non pas un droit émanant exclusivement de la contrainte publique, mais un droit s’appuyant sur de la normativité privée ; non pas un droit strictement territorialisé, mais un droit appréhendant l’espace transnational" ("Compliance requires us to reshape the classic categories of Law with a view to bringing them into line with the very objective of Compliance: not just a Law turned towards the past, but a Law anchored in the challenges of the future; not a Law emanating exclusively from public constraint, but a Law based on private normativity; not a strictly territorialised Law, but a law apprehending the transnational space". - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : B. Deffains, « Debt as the basis of the Compliance Obligation », in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Bruylant, coll. « Compliance & Regulation », à paraître - 📘consulter une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, Compliance Obligation, dans lequel cet article est publié - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance – JoRC) : The contribution builds on the definition of Compliance in that it requires large companies to contribute to the achievement of Monumental Goals, including the preservation of human rights and systems, e.g. climate system.   This requirement is confronted with the notion of Debt as it results today from classic and new works available in economic science. In fact, in the primitive economy, debt refers not only to exchanges, but also to an ethical and social obligation leading back to the collective. The Economic Analysis of Law has highlighted this situation, where some of the entities involved in a situation benefit from positive externalities, or endure negative externalities on their own, thus creating a situation of debt: this generates an obligation to correct market failure through an obligation to manage risks, as expressed by Compliance Obligation. This implies that economic calculation can be used to quantify this debt, leading to new proposals for biodiversity accounting. The author then highlights the recognition of Debt as the source of an Compliance Obligation. This can be expressed through the classical notion of natural obligation, which can be traced back to the French Civil Code, or through more solidarist or political conceptions of Law, linked to moral responsibility, with the overall moral equilibrium referring to civic duty, superimposed on the accounting equilibrium. The political dimension is very much present, as shown by Grotius and Kant, then Bourgeois (solidarism), Rawls and Sen (social justice), who link the deep commitment of each individual with the group. This sheds light on the essential role played by the State and public institutions in formalising and enforcing the Compliance Obligation, not only to ensure its effectiveness, but also to make everyone aware of its fairness dimension. - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : Mélanges en l'honneur de Natalie Fricero. Procédure civile sans frontières, Dalloz et LGDJ, 2024, 704 p. - 📗lire la 4ième de couverture - 📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage - ► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "Il est des matières indissociables de certains noms et des noms indissociables de certaines matières. Tel est le lien unissant la Professeure Natalie Fricero et la procédure civile. Professeure des universités à la Faculté de droit de l’Université de Nice (Côte d’Azur), directrice de l’Institut d’études judiciaires de cette faculté pendant plus de 20 ans, présidente de la première Commission nationale de l’examen d’entrée aux CRFPA, membre du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature entre 2019 et 2022, membre du Conseil national de la médiation depuis 2023, doyenne du pôle civil de l’École nationale de la magistrature, ambassadrice de l’amiable, Natalie Fricero a une carrière immense, voire vertigineuse. Son apport à la doctrine procédurale contemporaine est unanimement reconnu en France et au-delà des frontières nationales par l’ensemble de ses pairs et des professionnels du droit. Les frontières, la Professeure Natalie Fricero n’a eu de cesse de les repousser, de s’en affranchir, voire de les abolir. Travaillant de concert avec les professions juridiques, la Professeure Natalie Fricero a fait céder la frontière entre le monde universitaire et celui des praticiens. Disruptive, elle a innové dans ses pratiques pédagogiques et œuvre continuellement à une conception moderne de la procédure civile dont elle a très tôt repoussé les limites pour y intégrer les modes amiables de résolution des différends. Pragmatique, elle a considérablement amélioré la lisibilité de la matière tant pour la communauté académique que pour les professionnels à l'échelle nationale et internationale, grâce à ses nombreux ouvrages, articles, conférences, communications, formations et sa participation décisive au code mondial de l'exécution et au code mondial de l'exécution digitale. Précurseur, elle a su saisir en avance l'influx de l’européanisation de la procédure et des droits de l'Homme, mais aussi les opportunités des nouvelles technologies, dessinant les lignes de la procédure civile de demain. Par sa générosité, son enthousiasme, son dynamisme et son talent, la Professeure Natalie Fricero continue de marquer des générations d’étudiants, d'inspirer nombre de ses collègues et d’influencer la communauté juridique. En lui consacrant ces Mélanges, ses amis souhaitent la remercier de ce qu’elle apporte à chacun et à la procédure civile ; une discipline qu’elle veut humaniste, généreuse, sans frontières ; une procédure civile à son image.". - 📝lire une présentation de l'article d'Hervé Croze : « Dieu nous garde du contrôle de proportionnalité » -

► Référence complète : H. Croze, « Dieu nous garde du contrôle de proportionnalité », in Mélanges en l'honneur de Natalie Fricero. Procédure civile sans frontières, Dalloz et LGDJ, 2024, pp. 179-188 - ► Résumé de l'article :  - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : S. Schiller, « La directive sur le devoir de vigilance. Appréciation du champ d’application, des obligations imposées et des sanctions au regard de la loi française », JCP E, n°27, 4 juillet 2024, étude 1207, pp. 16-26 - ► Résumé de l'article (fait par l'auteure) : "Après 3 années de débats, la directive sur le Devoir de vigilance des entreprises en matière de durabilité a été adoptée par les parlementaires européens le 24 avril 2024. Texte de compromis, il contient des avancées majeures vers plus de sécurité, de fraternité et d’égalité. Vu la richesse de ce texte, seuls quelques points seront abordés dans cette étude : tout d’abord les entreprises concernées, puis les obligations imposées et, enfin, les sanctions prévues. La mise en perspective avec la loi vigilance applicable depuis 7 ans permet de mesurer l’importance de ce nouveau texte, même si de nombreux points sont en sus- pens dans l’attente de la transposition.". - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : M. Tirel, "Publication de la directive CS3D : consécration du devoir de vigilance européen", Dr. sociétés, n°7, juillet 2024, comm. 101, pp. 37-40 - ► Résumé (fait par l'auteure) : "Objet. – Après son adoption définitive par le Parlement européen et le Conseil le 24 mai dernier (avec 17 votes pour et 10 abstentions), la directive sur le devoir de vigilance (Corporate sustainability due diligence directive, dite CS3D), a été publiée au JOUE le13 juin 2024. Portée. – Tel que l'ambitionnait la Commission européenne, ce texte s'inspire de la loi française du 27 mars 2017 tout en remédiant à certaines de ses lacunes, bien que les ambitions premières que le texte portait ont été nettement revues à la baisse.". - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : E. Netter, "Quand la force de conviction du scoring bancaire provoque sa chute. L'interprétation extensive, par la CJUE, de la prohibition des décisions entièrement automatisées", RTD com., 2024, chron., pp. 342-348 - 🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche -

► Référence complète : Autorité de la concurrence (ADLC), avis 24-A-05 du 28 juin 2024 relatif au fonctionnement concurrentiel du secteur de l’intelligence artificielle générative, juin 2024, 104 p. - 📜lire l'avis - 📰lire le communiqué de presse accompagnant la publication de l'avis -

► Référence complète : V.-O. Dervieux, "Israël à Eurosatory : la justice éparpillée « façon puzzle » ?", Actu-Juridique.fr, 20 juin 2024. - 📝lire l'article

► Référence complète : Commission d'enquête du Sénat, Les moyens mobilisés et mobilisables par l’État pour assurer la prise en compte et le respect par le groupe TotalEnergies des obligations climatiques et des orientations de la politique étrangère de la France, juin 2024, 350 p. - 📓lire le rapport 📓lire les comptes rendus des auditions 📓lire l'essentiel du rapport  - 📺Se reporter à la présentation de l'audition des professeurs M.-A. Frison-Roche, G. Leray et J.-B. Racine -

► Référence complète : Crim., 19 juin 2024, n° 22-81.808, B - 🏛️lire l'arrêt -