Food for thoughts

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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, Saisir les principes du Droit de la Compliance à travers l'actualité (Understanding the principles of compliance law through current current legal cases and events), Jean Moulin  - Lyon 3 University Law Faculty, 10 December 2025.

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► Methodological presentation of this 4-hour MasterClass : It is difficult to teach a branch of law that is still being developed, to find a way to open its doors, because if by explaining its principles ex abrupto, the risk exists of remaining at the door, even though the aim is to open it. This door is all the more blocked by the accumulation of multiple regulatory corpus, which are now perceived as being linked to Compliance Law: GDPR, Sapin 2, Vigilance, Nis2, Dora, FCPA, etc.; These are highly technical and complicated, and tend to be studied in silos, with little connection between them and little articulation with the traditional branches of Law. Therefore, the principles that form the backbone of Compliance Law as an autonomous branch of Law are all the less apparent, even though they would make these "compliance blocks" more intelligible and manageable. However, setting out these principles, which shed light not only on the current positive law but also on how it will evolve, seems "theoretical".

In order to open the door to this new branch of Law, which already occupies a significant place in practice and is set to expand, so that it can be handled by lawyers who understand its spirit and is not entirely dominated by those from other disciplines who will master its tools (risk mapping, assessment, internal investigation, etc.), most often through algorithms and platforms (compliance by design), it is relevant to start with a few cases, a few decisions, a few texts, and a few comments, to gauge what they reveal.

Because the principles are already there. They are gradually emerging. The challenge is that they often emerge quickly, in a manner that is sufficiently consistent with other branches of Law, and that the legal aspect takes precedence. That is what is at stake today.

Each hour is devoted to a different case, based on a document of a different legal genre.

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🌐read a post on LinkedIn (in French)

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⛏️Find out more  :

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance Law, 2016

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Monumental Goals, the beating heart of Compliance Law, 2023

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakings, 2025

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance Law and Systemic Litigation, 2025

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► Référence complète  : K.Lenaerts, "Democracy in the EU: A Value Beyond the Ballot Box", King’s College London - Centre Of European Law – 51st Annual Lecture – 28 novembre 2025.

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►lire la transcription de cette conférence

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🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law

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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, ""Géomètres-experts : une profession qui assume concrètement sa responsabilité territoriale Géomètres-experts : une profession qui assume concrètement sa responsabilité territoriale (Chartered Surveyors: a Profession that takes its territorial responsibility seriously)", interview for JurisHebdo, 27 November 2025

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► Read the interview  (in French) in which the questions (translated below in English) were answered⤵

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Q.You helped define the raison d'être of the profession of chartered surveyors and its Professional Order. In your opinion, what is its true consequences?

Q. Can the raison d'être become a tool for Compliance or Governance?

Q. What conflicts arise around the source of compliance norms and their implementation? 

Q. Is this initiative part of a broader move towards social responsibility?

Q. How can the raison d'être influence the mission of the chartered surveyor, particularly in relation to land and environmental matters? 

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⛏️Further reading on the subject:

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🎤Designing a raison d'être and explaining it, 2025

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝The Monumental Goals of Compliance, the beating heart of Compliance Law, 2023

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► Référence complète : V. Monteillet, "Le contrat, outil de mise en oeuvre des obligations de vigilance entre partenaires de la chaine de valeur", in M. Boutonnet, B. Parance et J. Rochfeld (dir.), Engagements et contrats à l'aune des mutations environnementales, Lefebvre-Dalloz, coll. "Thèmes et commentaires, 2025, pp.15-24.

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Référence complète : Y. Kerbrat, "L’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de justice du 23 juillet 2025 sur les obligations des États en matière de changement climatique", Clunet, 2025, n°4, 

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche.

► Présentation du dossier (par les directeurs de celui-ci) :Le concept d’Internet alternatif fait référence, au sens le plus large, à des innovations sociotechniques portées par des acteurs qui contestent les modèles industriels et commerciaux dominants qui structurent  l’écosystème contemporain des médias et infrastructures numériques. Ce dossier examine différentes facettes et manifestations concrètes de ce désir d’alternatives numériques. Les textes qu’il réunit analysent une variété d’initiatives et interrogent leur rôle, leurs valeurs parfois contradictoires et leur positionnement par rapport aux dispositifs et plateformes de l’Internet dominant.

En ouverture du dossier, l’article de présentation tente de définir ce qui est « alternatif » dans l’Internet alternatif, puis passe en revue les enjeux et défis qui en découlent.

Les deux contributions suivantes s’intéressent aux architectures fédérées, la première abordant le développement des protocoles et plateformes du Fédivers, tels ActivityPub et Mastodon, tandis que la seconde se penche sur leur adoption (dans le cas de Matrix/Element) par les pouvoirs publics à des fins de souveraineté numérique. Viennent ensuite une étude consacrée aux communs numériques de Wikimédia et à leurs relations avec les plateformes de l’Internet dominant (notamment Google), puis une enquête sur les marchés noirs numériques qui s’appuient sur le Darknet.

L’article suivant propose un panorama du champ émergent des études sur les « médias sociaux alternatifs » avec comme objectif de parvenir à définir cet objet d’étude. Enfin, le dossier se clôt par un compte-rendu d’expérience de l’adoption d’une plateforme alternative de diffusion vidéo (PeerTube) dans les milieux de l’éducation supérieure.

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🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche,  ""Ordonner la Compliance : pourquoi le faire et comment le faire ? (Organising Compliance: why do it and how to do it?)", interview Focus on... conducted for Dalloz Actu Étudiants, 13 November 2025

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► read the interview : 💬 Read the interview (in French)

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🌐read the interview presentation on LinkedIn (in French)

🌐read the interview presentation through the MAFR Newsletter Law, Compliance, Regulation, (in English)

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► presentation  of the interview by Dalloz Actu-Étudiants  : Compliance can be defined as a new branch of law that mobilises major economic players and their stakeholders to ensure that the large systems in which we live do not collapse, but remain solid and sustainable. Sanctions, contracts, ethical principles, court decisions and corporate cultures all converge to achieve this. The ambition is great, some contest it, many want to escape it. It is still difficult to define compliance, which seems to be going in all directions. Who? What? Why? How?

These are all questions addressed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, professor of law and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC), together with the contributors to the collective works in the Régulations & Compliance series under her scientific direction. Compliance (JoRC), together with the contributors to the collective works in the "Regulations & Compliance" collection under her scientific direction, sheds light on with her imaginative power combined with her legal precision.

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Q.Why do the fundamental objectives of compliance unify all legal compliance techniques?

Summary of MAFR's response: because all these regulatory frameworks, which large companies are required to enforce effectively and which appear disparate, creating as many specific requirements as there are regulatory compliance blocks, find their unity when we consider the following reality: whatever the body of regulations in question (Sapin 2, Vigilance, Nis2, Dora, IAA, etc.), the aim is always to identify and prevent systemic risks so that these systems do not collapse.

Q. How can we define the obligation of compliance?

Summary of MAFR response: the company concerned is therefore obliged to put in place "compliance structures", such as mapping, plans, alert structures and programmes (obligation of result), but of course, and this is the key point, to achieve this goal, namely to ensure that the system in question (banking, financial, climate, digital, algorithmic, etc.) does not collapse. This is an obligation of means. This is the exact, simple definition that unifies all the regulations of the Compliance Obligation for which subject companies are responsible.

Q. What conflicts arise around the source of compliance standards and their implementation? 

Summary of MAFR's response: It must remain a matter of law. However, many argue that because it is only a matter of "compliance" and "ticking all the boxes", algorithms (which do not think or know anything) will do this, eliminating the need for lawyers and the law. This must be avoided. Furthermore, given the immense ambition of safeguarding systems, political and public authorities, businesses and stakeholders must join forces. They must not fight to bring each other down.

Q. What are the complexities of compliance law? 

Summary of MAFR's response: I would not say "complexity", because although the regulations are complicated, compliance law is fairly simple and unified around its monumental goals of safeguarding systems, ensuring their future sustainability and protecting the people involved in them. However, it is a new branch of law that is still poorly understood and therefore sometimes poorly mastered. It therefore needs to be organised.

Q. What is your proposal for ordering it? 

Summary of MAFR's response: Teaching more about compliance law will facilitate its organisation. The courts, to which all regulations converge through litigation, will participate in this organisation, which is necessary to ensure that regulations do not remain in silos and do not contradict each other when they have the same purpose, which constitutes their legal normativity. This new branch of law must also be articulated with all other branches of law. This is notably what the recently published book, L'obligation de compliance (The Obligation of Compliance), does.

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🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law

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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Concevoir une Raison d'être et l'explicitre (Conceiving a Raison d'être and explaining it)", speech at the round table discussion "Dire sa Raison d'être (Expressing your Raison d'être)", National Conference of the Géomètres Expert (French Chartered Surveyors), 6 November 2025, Paris.

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► Presentation of the Round Table : This round table opens two days of work bringing together all the leaders, members of the Council of the Order of Chartered Surveyors and Regional Councils of Chartered Surveyors, in the presence of the relevant Ministry, in specific sessions during which the two Raison d'être that have been developed over several years of work and adopted, the Raison d'être of the profession and the Raison d'être of the Order, are presented.

🪑🪑🪑Other participants in the round table discussion, moderated by Hervé Grélard, General Deputy of the French Order of Chartered Surveyors:

🕴🏻Thomas Bonnel, chartered surveyor

🕴🏻Luc Lanoy, chartered surveyor,

🕴🏻Séverine Vernet, Chairwoman of the French Order of Chartered Surveyors

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► Summary of my presentation : Firstly, I spoke to remind everyone what a "raison d'être" is, in itself, and why it is particularly important when the entity that embodies it also constitutes a "profession", the raison d'être expressing this hybrid nature that is destined to endure in today's societies. It moves those who uphold the raison d'être – the professional, the profession, the umbrella organisation that is the Order – from the past to the future. To effectively carry this raison d'être, its bearer cannot remain isolated. Unlike the agent who operates in a market and whose strategy is solitary dynamism against others, the bearer of the raison d'être must find allies who share similar or compatible ideas and develop points of contact to carry out a collective project (the "Monumental Goals"). This is why it is just as important to communicate, explain and share the raison d'être with the outside world.

Secondly, as the discussion surrounding the statement of purpose of the French Order of Surveyors and the profession progressed, I was led to point out that the raison d'être is not, or not only, ethical in nature, but also legal in nature, constituting at the very least a legal fact that can become enforceable against those who recognise themselves in it and claim it. This kind of reward, which is the "ex ante responsibility" expressed by the raison d'être and relayed by Compliance Law, anchored in its monumental goals of sustainability and responsibility, justifies that the profession that embraces its raison d'être is not simply an efficient profession in a supply and demand market, but establishes the Order as a regulator. This places both in the long term.

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⛏️Further reading on the subject: (with English Summaries)

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 💬"Géomètres-experts : une profession qui assume concrètement sa responsabilité territoriale", 2025

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝A quoi engagent les engagements, 2025

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche et 🕴🏻S. Vernet, 📝La profession investit le Droit de la compliance et détermine sa Raison d'être, 2023

🕴🏻M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📧Quels sont les points de contact entre la Raison d'être des entreprises et le Droit de la Compliance ?, 2022

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► Référence complète : Ch. Poinssot et Ph. Varin, "Les ressources minérales, socle du développement des sociétés humaines ", in Ch. Poinsso (dir.), Les métaux stratégiques, nouveau défi de la transition énergétique et de la réindustrialisation, Annales des Mines, coll. "Réalités industrielles", nov. 2025.

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📗lire la présentation du numéro

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► Résumé de cet article (faite par les auteurs) : "Le développement des sociétés humaines s’est construit sur la découverte et l’utilisation progressive des ressources minérales du sous-sol, et notamment des métaux, qui ont permis de fabriquer des outils de plus en plus complexes jusqu’aux technologies innovantes et performantes qui sont au fondement des sociétés actuelles. Les ressources minérales sont ainsi le socle historique du développement de nos sociétés humaines complexes et technologiques. En préférant délocaliser ces activités vers des pays tiers, l’Europe a laissé se créer un risque systémique porteur de nombreux enjeux : des enjeux de souveraineté, tant nos industries et notre économie dépendent maintenant des importations en provenance de pays tiers ; des enjeux d’acceptabilité pour être en mesure de relocaliser dans nos territoires des activités industrielles qui ont mauvaise presse ; des enjeux éthiques pour assumer dorénavant les risques et impacts de nos modes de vie ; et des enjeux scientifiques pour être en mesure d’inventer une nouvelle industrie minière, minéralurgique et métallurgique renouvelée, décarbonée, à faible impact environnemental et socialement acceptée. En amont des divers articles qui détaillent les différents aspects de ce défi, cet article introductif vise à éclairer l’importance de ces enjeux pour la France, et plus largement l’Europe.".

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► Référence complète : E. Hache, V. d'Herbemont, L.-M. Malbec et C. Roche, "Transition énergétique : une rupture dans la dynamique de demande mondiale en métaux ?", in Ch. Poinsso (dir.), Les métaux stratégiques, nouveau défi de la transition énergétique et de la réindustrialisation, Annales des Mines, coll. "Réalités industrielles", nov. 2025.

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📗lire la présentation du numéro

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► Résumé de cet article (faite par les auteurs) : "Les métaux stratégiques, nouveau défi de la transition énergétique et de la réindustrialisation En 2024, les investissements dans les technologies bas-carbone (énergies renouvelables, nucléaire, réseaux, stockage, efficacité énergétique, carburants peu émissifs et véhicules électriques) ont atteint près de 2 100 milliards de dollars, soit une hausse de 11 % par rapport à 2023 (BNEF, 2025). Si ces investissements représentent aujourd’hui quasiment le double de ceux observés dans le secteur des hydrocarbures, un objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures à 1,5°C à l’horizon 2050 nécessiterait une multiplication par 2,5 de ce niveau d’investissement annuel. Ce rythme d’investissement, bien qu’insuffisant au regard des enjeux climatiques, a ravivé l’intérêt pour la sécurisation des ressources minérales, mobilisées en grandes quantités par la transition énergétique. Ces ressources minérales constituent en effet la base des technologies bas-carbone. Elles sont ainsi essentielles pour les moteurs et batteries des véhicules électrifiés (cobalt, cuivre, lithium, nickel, terres rares, graphite), pour les divers composants des parcs éoliens (aluminium, cuivre, graphite, manganèse, molybdène, nickel, etc.), pour les panneaux solaires (argent, cuivre, indium, silicium, etc.) et pour les technologies de l’hydrogène (nickel, palladium, platine). La majeure partie de ces substances étant des métaux, on parle par abus de langage de métaux même si le lithium ou d’autres n’en sont pas. Le niveau de déploiement requis pour ces technologies à l’horizon 2050 pourrait entraîner une forte hausse de la demande en métaux et transformer en profondeur les marchés concernés.". 

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► Référence complète : L. Larribère, "Les spatialités du contentieux de la responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises", in Justice & Cassation, La responsabilité, , nov. 2025, pp.63-83.

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🦉Cet  article est accessible en texte intégrale pour les personnes qui suivent les enseignements du professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

► Référence complète : Ph. Aghion, "L’adversité comme facteur d'innovation", leçon dans le cours Innovation et croissance à travers l'histoire, Collège de France, 4 novembre 2025.

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📺regarder la leçon

► consulter les slides support de la leçon

La première partie de la leçon est sur le rapport même entre l'innovation et l'adversité.

Dans ce rapport, l'innovation arrive pour échapper à la concurrence ou échapper à la réglementation (par exemple le seuil de 50 salariés entraîne des innovations qui visent à aller beaucoup loin que 50 salariés.

Cela peut entraîner un changement technique "biaisé", c'est-à-dire le diriger vers une "innovation verte", c'est-à-dire en y intégrant la réglementation.

Ainsi l'adversité conduit à "diriger" davantage l'innovation, alors que l'innovation sans adversité ne vise qu'à l'intensité.

L'innovation va aussi réagir à des pénuries.

Par exemple une pénurie de main d'oeuvre, au sortir de la Première Guerre Mondiale, notamment dans le secteur agricole, l'analyse étant menée département par département. La pénurie qui est "causée" (causalité mesurée) par la guerre provoque la création des machines agricoles et cause une augmentation de dépôts de brevets (2 brevets en plus sur 100.000 habitants,, voire 3 brevets si le département a été plus touché). 

On observe que l'innovation va porter sur la dispense de travail. Analysant le contenu des brevets, leurs mots, ils distinguent les brevets qui économisent du travail et ceux qui ne l'économisent pas particulièrement. La première catégorie a beaucoup plus augmenté que la seconde.

On observe aussi qu'il faut qu'il y ait sur place des personnes aptes à innover et qui travaillent ensemble (masse critique, ancrage local, chaine), le "capital humain" étant mesuré par l'étude exposée par l'orateur, le cumul des causalités amenant à une moyenne de 6 brevets.

Ainsi, même si la guerre a tué des innovateurs, l'effet d'innovation est tout de même plus fort.

La seconde partie de la leçon porte sur le "décollage" économique produit.

La question posée est de savoir si la pénurie a joué un rôle dans les décollages économiques liées aux révolutions industrielles.

L'hypothèse est le décollage serait plus prononcée quand il y a pénurie, l'adoption des technologies et l'exploitation des technologies étant plus forte lorsqu'il y a pénurie de travailleurs en raison de guerre. L'étude porte sur les guerres révolutionnaires et les guerres napoléonniennes. 

Menée sur l'Angleterre, la causalité est dégagée à propos du critère de la haute mer car le capital humain étant captée par l'armée, il y a perte supérieure de capital humain, pénurie, accroissement d'équipements mécaniques et industriels autour de la machine-batteuse et l'innovation dans l'amélioration de celle-ci : la pénurie due à la guerre napolénienne a contribué à la Révolution industrielle anglaise.

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► Référence complète : Ph. Chalmin et Y. Jégourel, "Introduction à la notion de chaînes de valeur minérales et au marché des commodités ", in Ch. Poinsso (dir.), Les métaux stratégiques, nouveau défi de la transition énergétique et de la réindustrialisation, Annales des Mines, coll. "Réalités industrielles", nov. 2025.

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📗lire la présentation du numéro

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► Résumé de cet article (faite par les auteurs) : "Une matière première répond à une définition complexe où les critères économiques d’homogénéité du produit, de variabilité des prix et de commercialisation sur de vastes marchés d’exportation prévalent. De la même façon, une filière de matières premières assume trois fonctions principales, souvent sous-estimées : l’adaptation du produit tel qu’il apparaît en amont de la filière aux besoins industriels exprimés par l’aval, la valorisation du produit ainsi transformé aux différentes étapes de la chaîne de valeur, ainsi que la répartition et la dilution des risques, et notamment le risque de prix, qu’implique le transfert de ce produit. Cette dernière fonction explique pourquoi les marchés de nombreux métaux sont financiarisés, i.e., accordent un rôle central aux places boursières dans la fixation des prix et la gestion du risque de prix. "

►Full Reference: M.A. Frison-Roche, "Droit de la compliance et Contentieux systémique" (Compliance Law and Systemic Litigation), in Chroniques Droit de la Compliance (Compliance Law Chronicles), Recueil Dalloz, 6 November 2025 

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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper on which this article is based, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks

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►read the English presentation of the previous chronicles:

• "Compliance and conformity: Distinguish them in order to articulate them", 2024
• "Regulations, Compliance, Contracts, and Judges: places and alliances", 2023
• "Contract of compliance, stipulations fo compliance", 2022
• "The Adventure of the Compliance", 2020
• "Compliance and Legal Personality", 2019
• "TLegal Theory of Risk Mapping", 2019

►read the English presentation of the whole chroniques

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►English summary of this article: Legal systems have changed, and Compliance Law, in its uniqueness, reflects this change and plays a powerful role in it. Through new sets of compliance rules, particularly at European level, in areas such as data protection (GDPR), anti-money laundering (AMLA), climate balance protection (CS3D) and banking and financial system sustainability (Banking Union), techniques (always the same) have been developed and imposed on large companies, which must implement them: alerts, mapping, assessment, sanctions, etc. These new regulatory frameworks only make sense in relation to their ‘Monumental Goals’: to detect systemic risks Ex Ante and prevent crises so that the systems in question do not collapse, but ‘sustain". All the legal instruments in the corpus are normatively rooted in these Monumental Goals, which are the core that unifies Compliance Law (I).

Judges are the guardians (II) of this new and highly ambiguous normative framework, which relies on the practical ability of companies to do just that. They ensure that the technical provisions are applied teleologically in each of these compliance blocks, and that the regulatory frameworks are mutually supportive, for it is always the same systemic goal that all compliance regulations serve: to ensure that systems (banking, financial, climate, digital, energy, etc.) do not collapse, that they are sustainable, and that present and future human beings are not crushed by them but, on the contrary, benefit from them. This unity is still little perceived, as regulations pulverize this profound unity of compliance law in the myriad of changing provisions. Entrusting the "regulatory mass" to algorithms increases this pulverization, making the whole increasingly incomprehensible and therefore impossible to handle.  Acknowledging the judge's rightful place, i.e. at the heart of the matter, will enable us to master this new branch of law. But it's not the judge's job alone to restore clarity to a whole covered in the dust of his own technicality.

The systemic object of Compliance Law is transferred to Litigation. Indeed, the Litigation that emerges from the new Compliance Law is also fundamentally new, by transitivity. Indeed, the aim of Compliance Law is to make systems sustainable (or sustainable, or resilient, the vocabulary varies). The result is litigation which is itself "systemic litigation" (III), most often initiated by an organization against a systemic operator. The place and role of each are transformed (IV).

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🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law

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🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Law & Art

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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, The invention of the 'right to a child'. The consequences of contractual practice as a source of filiation, working document, Sept. 2024 - Oct. 2025.

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🎤This working document forms the basis of a presentation entitled, "Le "droit à l'enfant" est-il concevable, pourquoi et avec quelles conséquences" (Is the 'right to a child' conceivable, why and with what consequences", in Les nouvelles filiations. Diifférentes perspectives (New parentage. Different perspectives." held at the Paris Court of Appeal on 12 September 2024.

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📝Revised, this working document forms the basis of the article published in the dossier "Les nouvelles filiations. Regards croisés" (New parentage. Different perspectives), Act. jur. Dalloz Droit de la famille (in French).

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► Summary of this working document  :  Every legal system is built on concepts that form its pillars. Filiation is one such concept. A cas-law solution, presented as pragmatic and casuistic, can overturn this concept. Whether one agrees with it or not, it must first be acknowledged and assessed. Through a series of rulings on surrogacy, notably a ruling by its First Civil Chamber granting exequatur to a judgment recognising the filiation established by surrogacy between a child and persons with no biological link to the child and without recourse to adoption, the French Cour de Cassation has introduced the possibility of creating parentage by contract. This not only changes the concept of filiation but also changes the very structure of the French legal system, which is based on the distinction between persons and things. One may agree or disagree with this, but it must be said. Since the judge gives force to such a contract establishing filiation, with the foreign judge simply recognising it and the French judge ensuring only that the contract is balanced, the prospect opens up of a society in which individuals will be able to contractually create institutions at their disposal, within the private normative space of the contract, with the State's only function being to give effect to their right to legal recognition of their unique "project". Parentage is only a first example. Thus constructed on what was "inconceivable", i.e. a "right to a child", thanks to the contractual power to which the State should lend its force a posteriori, the judge makes parentage resulting from a contract technically "admissible" and opens up a contractually governed society.

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🔓read the working document below⤵️

► Full Reference: M. Lamoureux, "L’obligation de vigilance des opérateurs énergétiques", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024, to be published

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📕read the general presentation of the book, L'obligation de Compliance, in which this contribution is published

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► English summary of this article de l'article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC): Firstly, the author shows, despite the diversity of energy activities (electricity by its very nature involves fewer international value chains, oil by its very nature involves more), the operators in this sector are sufficiently unique to justify their being considered globally in terms of vigilance obligation. Currently in French case law, they are directly concerned, not only because they have been summoned before the French courts in duty of vigilance cases, but also, and above all, because they are a sign of the intensity of the vigilance expected of them.

The first part of the article develops the characteristics of energy operators, which influence the intensity of the obligation of vigilance. Their uniqueness stems precisely from the enterprises themselves, which are 'giants', subject to the obligation to draw up vigilance plans, firms often vertically integrated, in a sector concentrated on multinationals with very substantial resources and present throughout the value chain, whose activity involves infrastructures.

The second part of the article justifies this intensity of the obligation of vigilance by the risks specifically linked to the activities of these energy operators. Indeed, even if it is true that their activity is very heterogeneous, the risks are very significant, in that on the one hand they build diverse and gigantic infrastructures, are involved in extractive activity, and on the other hand have a long-term impact on the environment. Firms are being asked to be vigilant themselves about these infrastructures and impacts. The administrative police have been doing this for a long time in this sector.

But the third part of the article shows precisely that this is nothing new: the culture of risk prevention is already very present in these enterprises, not least because of the very strong presence of the State and regulations. There is a culture of 'regulatory conformity'.  In fact, climate vigilance  relies mainly on these operators.

Energy operators are therefore at the centre, not only because they generate risks, but also because they hold many of the solutions for achieving the Monumental Goals targeted by the vigilance system: they are making a decisive contribution to the fight against climate change because they have the means to do so. This is one of the reasons why the major operators have all adopted a raison d'être.

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► Référence complète : M. Françon, "L’intensité du devoir de vigilance dans le secteur bancaire", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2025, pp. 551-557.

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📕lire une présentation générale de l'ouvrage, L'Obligation de Compliance, dans lequel cet article est publié

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► Résumé de l'article (fait par le Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : L'auteur développe le cas des opérateurs bancaire et d'assurance. Il insiste sur le fait qu'en matière bancaire et d'assurance, la vigilance consiste dans une obligation de traiter des informations, au besoin préalablement collectées, en vue de prévenir la survenance d'un risque systémique.

L'identification et la prévention du risque est une obligation de moyens renforcée qui, dans ce cadre, connaît des variations d'intensité. L'obligation est ancienne, alors que le devoir de vigilance est récent. Ce décalage dans le temps s'explique parce que la vigilance obligée est consubstantielle à l'activité même du banquier et de l'assureur et du fait du caractère systémique du secteur depuis toujours, ce qui produit une imbrication du droits dur et souple.

Les variations de l'intensité de l'obligation de vigilance tiennent quant à elles au fait qu'il y a deux types d'obligations : celles qui sont imposées dans l'intérêt de l'activité et du client et celles qui le sont dans l'intérêt de la stabilité du système. Les secondes sont beaucoup plus fortes que les premières. Elles pèsent aussi bien sur le banquier que sur le client. Ainsi les obligations en matière de blanchiment ont pour seul but l'intérêt général, le client ne pouvant se prévaloir des manquements de la banque (Com. 28 avril 2004). D'ailleurs, en matière de gel des avoirs, l'obligation de vigilance devient de résultat.

Dans l'intérêt général lui-même, l'intensité varie en fonction des buts poursuivis, engendrant des vigilances "standard, simplifiée, renforcée", en fonction du risque sous-jacent. En outre, des droits interférents font varier l'obligation, notamment la protection des droits à la protection des données personnelles, ou le droit à la non-immixtion du banquier. Enfin, interfèrent les obligations de vigilance pesant sur les tiers, y compris situés hors de l'Europe.

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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche

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► Full Reference: G. Loiseau, "L’intensité de l’obligation de vigilance selon les secteurs : le cas des opérateurs numériques" (The intensity of the Duty of Vigilance in different sectors: the case of digital operators), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2024, forthcoming

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📕read the general presentation of the book, L'obligation de Compliance, in which the contribution is published

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► English summary of this contribution (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : L'auteur développe le cas des opérateurs numériques. Il souligne le paradoxe d'un Droit qui est parti d'un texte qui a posé le principe de l'irresponsabilité des hébergeurs, en raison de leur neutralité technique, pour aboutir au DSA et leur imposer des diligences, mais il rappelle que cette obligation n'apparaît qu'à partir d'un signalement qui est porté auprès de l'opérateur numérique et une interdiction expresse d'une obligation générale de surveiller les informations. Moreover, there is no general duty of vigilance incumbent on digital operators, even if recent case law seems to be tightening the role imposed on hosting providers.

The Monumental Goal here is to fight against illegal content, but freedom of expression must also be preserved and regulations vary according to the type of content, whereas the DSA has a more general conception, aims at a logic of accountability and prevention of systemic risks. But wanting to make platforms 'accountable' ex ante, without touching the liability regime ex post, may pose a problem.

The duty of vigilance will vary depending on whether the digital operator plays a passive or active role. This may lead platforms to adopt prior measures that may constitute structural obligations, with the trusted third party taking the form of a trusted signaller. The platform is thus made responsible for its own vigilance, but despite the possibility of enhanced vigilance, this does not have to extend to investigative measures. There are, however, specific enhanced vigilance obligations for very large platforms, justified by the risks involved and the types of content (terrorism, pornography).

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🦉This contribution est available in full text for persons following Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche teaching

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► Full reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "De l'obligation de compliance à l'obligation de vigilance : le rôle du juge (From the obligation of compliance to the obligation of vigilance: the role of the judge)", in Round table De la compliance au devoir de vigilance. Une nouvelle responsabilité des entreprises (From Compliance to the Vigilance duty. A new responsibility for businesses," Lettre des juristes d'affaires, Oct. 2025.

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📝read the article reproducing the entire discussion (in French)

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► Summary of my contribution:  In this debate, the terms of which have been reproduced in the journal, I was asked to explain how the legal system had evolved, first by establishing Compliance Law, built on systemic ambitions to prevent sectoral disasters (banking, finance, energy), ambitions that constitute "Monumental Negative Goals", and then evolving on the one hand "Monumental Positive Goals", namely the protection of human beings involved willingly or unwillingly in these systems, on the other hand, outside even sectors with clearly defined boundaries, such as environmental or digital ambitions. The duty of vigilance extends this regulatory law and gives concrete form to the "compliance obligation" to which companies are subject. It is important to maintain a sense of proportion in the conception of the responsibility attached to it so as not to lose everything. Companies are bound by the goals but must remain free in their choice of means, and in particular be encouraged to use contractual techniques. This measure is entrusted to the judge because, due to the Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, it is at the heart of this new branch of Law, which is developing independently of fluctuations in the regulations.

During the discussion, I was asked for my opinion on the ruling handed down by the Paris Court of Appeal on 17 June 2025, known as La Poste case. I pointed out that the comments had often focused only on the developments regarding risk mapping, whereas this ruling first establishes the principle that the vigilance plan is the work of the company's decision-making bodies and is not co-constructed, as consultation is a process of discussion and taking in consideration, which is not the same thing, with the judge himself pointing out that they must not interfere in management.

In the discussion, I emphasised that if we were to highlight the essence of what would be a "new responsibility", it would primarily concern a new probative dimension that the company must implement in Ex Ante. The implementation of the CSRD, even if it has been excessively standardised, is in line with this, and this probative culture must be developed.

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⛏️Further reading on the subject :

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Obligation, 2026

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Vigilance, the front line and integral part of the compliance obligation, 2025

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Compliance, Vigilance and Civil Liability: put in Order and keep the sense of Reason, 2025

🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2024

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► Article summary : The 

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► Full Reference: E. Maclouf, "Entités industrielles et Obligation de compliance" ("Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, "Régulations & Compliance" Serie, 2025, to be published

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📕read a general presentation of the book, L'Obligation de Compliance, in which this article is published

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► Summary of this article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance - JoRC) : This article looks at the topic Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation from the perspective of Management Science and sets out to resolve the paradox of industrial organisations expressing the ambition of progress for the benefit of people, a humanist ambition that is contradicted by the effects produced by this industrialisation itself, which are harmful to that same humanity. The Compliance Obligation, insofar as it is based on the Monumental Goals and is anchored in Industrial Organisations, aims to resolve this paradox.

The science of human organisations aims to allocate nature's scarce resources as efficiently as possible by getting individuals to cooperate, this engineering producing natural, industrial and social disasters, which are themselves more or less anticipated. The Compliance Obligation holds out the hope of better preventing them (Negative Monumental Goal) and managing them, or even improving people's lives (Positive Monumental Goal) by going beyond traditional disciplines and developing Ex Ante. However, Industrial Organisations may also reject the weight of the constraints that this creates for them, calling for deregulation instead. The debate is currently open.

Furthermore, by moving from the mechanical logic of conformity to the dynamic logic of the Compliance Obligation, companies find themselves in a situation of systemic uncertainty and must decide on the strategy to be implemented, resulting in a managerialisation of the Law  and implying many new decisions to be taken. The notion of "project" is therefore back at the heart of Industrial Organisations, and more specifically that of "Humanist Project", as embodied by the Compliance Obligation, in a new Organisation where everyone plays their part in the Value Chain.

The author draws on the work of Raymond Aron and the Rueff-Armand report to show that the dynamism and strength of Industrial Organisation can support a Humanist Project that is politically developed and fits in with the Economic Rationality of Industrial Organisations. This is all the more necessary as this Regulatory Framework cannot come from the sum of individual actions alone (employees, consumers, investors), as the interests of the company, of the sector, of society, of nature cannot be served by this addition alone, and the claim that the whole is self-regulated by the expression of a single one of these players (who are themselves both inside and outside the industrial organisation) is unsustainable.

The Author shows that new entities are therefore being created to regulate Industrial Entities in the public interest through the Compliance Obligation, which inserts an Obligation into the Industrial Organisation modifying its project: the French so-called "Sapin 2" law is a perfect example of this, encouraging appropriate strategic responses from Industrial Organisations, which have modified their managerial procedures to integrate new strategic projects and involve stakeholders.

Finally, because the Compliance Obligation is anchored in Monumental Goals, it can be the basis of the Company's Project and the Players' Project of the players, which leads us to return to the basis of the Organisations Theory, which entrusts to the corporate bodies the power and the mission of defining such a project through corporate deliberations which will then be, in the aforementioned approach of Industrial Rationality, broken down into Objectives and Plans. This is a reminder that Profit is not a Company's Goal: it is the sine qua non of its survival, which is different. A Rational Organisation determines its Project and for ensuring it,  to achieve it, it must not run the risk of going bankrupt. The Compliance Obligation is developing  between this difference and the link between the Project and this necessity to have some profit which is just a Condition. Furthermore, in order to establish this project, the organisation must resolve oppositions (conflictuality) through the complex interplay of players (Jean-Pierre Dupuy).

Industrial organisations must respond to the Compliance Obligation. In particular, they do this by developing norms, or by contributing to the development of public norms, and by themselves expressly aiming Goals such as the fight against suffering in the workplace or equality between men and women as falling within the scope of the Compliance Obligation. This framing work is an essential part of the organisation's strategy, and environmental concerns can thus be integrated to a greater or lesser extent into this or that perspective. All this goes beyond the mere logic of conformity.

The Compliance Obligation thus enables the production of what the Author calls "adaptive responses by individuals in the face of Systemic Crises and their causes", countering the Anomie which is also a monumental problem in today's society, which has lost its bearings and is suffering from Uncertainty. This Compliance Obligation enables Industrial Entities to integrate into Society, if necessary by coercion, by becoming the vectors of human rights and social and environmental expectations. But the success of this Compliance Obligation presupposes a certain appropriation of the Goals by the scales companies, which taints the Compliance Obligation itself with Uncertainty.

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🦉This article is available in full text to those registered for Professor Marie-Anne Frison-Roche's courses

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► Référence complète : C.S. Sunstein, Imperfect Oracle: What AI Can and Cannot Do,  Université of Penn Press, 2025, 208 p.

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► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur") : 'Imperfect Oracle is about the promise and limits of artificial intelligence. The promise is that in important ways AI is better than we are at making judgments. Its limits are evidenced by the fact that AI cannot always make accurate predictions—not today, not tomorrow, and not the day after, either.

Natural intelligence is a marvel, but human beings blunder because we are biased. We are biased in the sense that our judgments tend to go systematically wrong in predictable ways, like a scale that always shows people as heavier than they are, or like an archer who always misses the target to the right. Biases can lead us to buy products that do us no good or to make foolish investments. They can lead us to run unreasonable risks, and to refuse to run reasonable risks. They can shorten our lives. They can make us miserable.

Biases present one kind of problem; noise is another. People are noisy not in the sense that we are loud, though we might be, but in the sense that our judgments show unwanted variability. On Monday, we might make a very different judgment from the judgment we make on Friday. When we are sad, we might make a different judgment from the one we would make when we are happy. Bias and noise can produce exceedingly serious mistakes.

AI promises to avoid both bias and noise. For institutions that want to avoid mistakes it is now a great boon. AI will also help investors who want to make money and consumers who don’t want to buy products that they will end up hating. Still, the world is full of surprises, and AI cannot spoil those surprises because some of the most important forms of knowledge involve an appreciation of what we cannot know and why we cannot know it. Life would be a lot less fun if we could predict everything."

► Référence complète : Speech of HE Judge Iwasawa Yuji, President of the International Court of Justice, before the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, 15 octobre 2025

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📝Lire la prise de parole (en anglais)

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► Résumé de la prise de parole : L

► Full Reference: Y. Feldman,Can the Public Be Trusted?: On the Promise and Perils of Voluntary Compliance, Cambridge University Press, 2025. 

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► Presentation of the book (done by the Author) : "When do citizens voluntarily comply with regulations rather than act out of fear of sanctions? Can the Public Be Trusted? challenges prevailing regulatory paradigms by examining when democratic states can rely on voluntary compliance. Drawing on behavioral science, law, and public policy research, Yuval Feldman explores why voluntary compliance, despite often yielding superior and more sustainable outcomes, remains underutilized by policymakers. Through empirical analysis of policy implementation in COVID-19 response, tax compliance, and environmental regulation, Feldman examines trust-based governance’s potential and limitations. The book presents a comprehensive framework for understanding how cultural diversity, technological change, and institutional  shape voluntary cooperation.".

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📗Read the book

► Référence complète : M. Cirotteau, Le pouvoir administratif des personnes privées, préf. Th. Perroud, Editions Panthéon-Assas, coll. "Nouvelles recherches", 2025, 626 p. 

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Il s'agit de la publication d'une thèse soutenue en 2022.

🕴️Lire l'entretien avec l'auteur

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► Présentation de l'ouvrage (faite par l'auteur) : "Le pouvoir administratif des personnes privées est un pouvoir discret et relativement méconnu. Il caractérise les missions administratives spécifiques, et en particulier celles de police administrative spéciale, confiées à certaines personnes morales de droit privé. Depuis longtemps, l’administration s’est appuyée sur des personnes privées pour assurer la gestion d’activités administratives. Ce recours s’explique par l’histoire de la construction de l’État français et de son administration et par l’originalité du modèle économique français qui fait coexister libéralisme et interventionnisme. Dans la période contemporaine, il s’est accru quantitativement. À travers plusieurs exemples sélectionnés – ordres professionnels, fédérations sportives, entreprises de marché, autorité de régulation de la publicité, organismes de gestion collective des droits d’auteur, sociétés d’aménagement foncier et d’établissement rural – cette étude propose d’identifier une notion originale et autonome de pouvoir administratif des personnes privées pour penser de manière transversale les prérogatives dont sont dotées certaines personnes morales de droit privé. La recherche porte également sur le régime juridique de ce pouvoir, principalement de droit privé, qu’elle construit en s’inspirant des principes qui irriguent le droit administratif. Elle interroge ainsi les ressorts et les méthodes contentieuses, utilisés en droit administratif, ainsi que ceux du droit économique – théorie générale des obligations et droit de la concurrence – pour penser l’encadrement juridique et juridictionnel d’un pouvoir caractérisé par son hybridité.".

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► Full reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Adéquation et inadéquation de la sanction comme outil de régulation financière et sa transformation par la Compliance" (Adequacy and inadequacy of sanctions as a tool of Financial Regulation and its transformation through Compliance)", contribution to the round-table discussion on"Quel rôle pour la sanction dans la régulation ? (What role for sanctions in Regulatory System)", Annual conference of the Commission des sanctions (Enforcement Committee) of the Autorité des marchés financiers - AMF (French Financial Markets Authority), Paris,  14 October 2025.

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► see the general programme of this manifestation (in French)

The event comprises two round tables. The theme of the first round table is: La preuve des abus de marché entre l’AMF et le juge pénal : vers une convergence ? (Proof of market abuse between the AMF and the criminal courts: towards convergence?)

🪑🪑🪑AutresOther participants in this 2nd round table, moderated by Sophie Schiller, member of the Enforcement Committe on the topic: Quel rôle pour la sanction dans la régulation ? (What role for sanctions in Regulatory System?)

🕴🏻Sébastien Raspiller, Secretary General of the AMF

🕴🏻Martine Samuelian, Partner, Jeantet Law Firm

🕴🏻Vincent Villette, Secretary General of the CNIL (French Personal Data Regulatory Body)

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► Summary of this intervention : In the round-table discussion on the role of sanctions, a number of contributions will be made, depending on the nature of the discussion itself. They will be brief in nature and will be aimed at an audience with a good knowledge of financial regulation.

It is the occasion for me to insist on 2 things, the first naturely and probably for ever attached to the role of sanctions in all Regulatory Systems, the secund very new. The first is the indissociability between Criminal Law and Sanction, even if sanctions is defined as a regulatory tools. The secund is the conception and the use of sanctions through Compliance Law.

Therefore, in the first idea, my first intervention, aimed more at establishing the subject and describing the Intangible, is on the very idea that sanctions have a role to play in financial regulation. By its very nature. But this does not make it any less difficult. It is not obvious, because if penalties are seen as a 'regulatory tool', then it is the regulatory perspective that predominates and 'colours' the tool that is the penalty. Regulation, of which the texts on the basis which sanctions are issued are only one tool and which is not the set of applicable rules, Regulation which is an apparatus of institutions, rules and decisions aimed at establishing the equilibrium of a sector and maintaining this equilibrium, which is by nature unstable, over time, which the sector could not do by its own efforts alone (Regulatory Law, which is Ex Ante Law, thus distinguishing itself from Competition Law, which is Ex Post Law).

From the perspective of Financial Regulatory System, as in other sectoral regulatory systems, and in the general Regulatory Law, sanctions are a tool (and a tool like any other, simply more powerful than the others.

This is the pragmatic perspective adopted by the State and the Regulatory body itself, which will use it in conjunction with other tools, such as an Information, Education and Incentive mechanism. Moreover, it shall use sanction as informative tool, as educational tool, as incentive tool.

However, the principle of the autonomy of Criminal Law, and the European concept of "Criminal Matters" mean that the sanction can be seen in terms of the autonomous criteria of the seriousness of the act imputed and the sanction imposed on the legal person. In this respect, the penalty is inseparable from the way in which it is imposed (Criminal Law is constitutionally inseparable from Criminal Procedure).

In this respect, the sanction is not a tool coloured by the overall objective served by the Financial Markets Regulatory Body: the sustainability of the financial system. The Enforcement Committee is not the AMF's "armed wing"; it is a "court", as the Oury ruling reminded us.

Therefore, the question is and I would like to ask it directly to the Enforcement Committed: Can you be both?

  As they say, could you be both carp and rabbit? Depending on whether you are viewed from one angle or another, you will be seen as the body that makes financial markets effective (a tool among the tools) or as the body that punishes misconduct (a court among the courts).

It is possible, and in practice it is often true.

But if we are honest, we will admit that regulation feeds on information and that the procedure before a criminal court is built on secrecy and the weapons of those who, innocent or guilty, are at risk because they are, or will be, prosecuted.

We've never got out of this difficulty. We always try to strike a balance between the fact that it is in itself a repressive sanction for a person who will suffer and the fact that it is also a systemic tool: there is a 'balance' between the search for systemic benefit (which reduces the protection of individuals for the benefit of the system) and the concern for the people involved (which reduces the present and future protection of the system). The balance goes more or less in one direction. It is often public opinion, the place, the legislator and, even above all,  the civil appeal judge (vertical dialogue) and those in dialogue, between the regulator and the criminal judge (horizontal dialogue) which cause the scales of diverse technical solutions.

It is also the way in which the Enforcement Committee, in defining itself as the armed wing of the AMF (carp) or as a repressive court (rabbit), chooses in its procedural behaviour the role of sanctions in Financial Regulatory System, more or less instrumentalised (carp) or jurisdictionalised (rabbit).

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The second point, if there is to be one, concerns the development of the role of sanctions in Financial Regulatory System .

On the basis of these fundamentals, an evolution in the role of sanctions in financial regulatory system (an evolution that can be observed in all sectoral regulatory systems) consists of internalising sanctions (in their conception by the texts, their elaboration by the Sanctions Committees, their application) in the economic operators sanctioned, in the economic sectors concerned, in the opinion concerned (the figure of Peelmanian circles of the audiences applying).

This internalisation transforms Regulatory mission of the administrative body (which deals with market structures) into Rupervision (which deals directly with market operators) since the sanction penetrates the operator, the operator adopting commitments. This concept corresponds to the new branch of Law known as Compliance Law. 

Compliance Law uses sanctions as an "incentive like any other", and (we must be careful on this point), because it is systemic in nature, the concern for the system being internalised in the operator, it is relatively insensitive to procedural rights. With the emphasis on information, it is the principle of adversarial debate (which provides information) rather than the rights of the defence that is valued. The cooperation of the person being prosecuted is highly valued, and non-cooperation becomes incomprehensible.

The internalisation of sanctions by operators has led to two major changes. Firstly, these economic operators themselves must sanction, detect and prevent market abuse. The number of special obligations of vigilance is increasing. The obligation of vigilance of operators themselves is becoming a pillar of Regulation, transformed in Supervision.

 The other development is the liberalisation of regulatory system in relation to territory, thank to Compliance Law. As operators are less dependent on borders than are regulators and authors of legal texts (but soft law is spreading, including repression), market abuses can be apprehended in several jurisdictions at the same time, notably through global compliance programmes.

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