Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : A.-M. Ilcheva, "Condamnation de Shell aux Pays-Bas : la responsabilité climatique des entreprises pétrolières se dessine", D. 2021, pp. 1968-1970
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► Résumé de l'article : Après une brève description de l'affaire en cause au principal, l'auteure explicite dans un premier les fondements du jugement dit "Shell". Elle explique que l'action engagée était fondée sur le droit de la responsabilité civile délictuelle néerlandais, plus précisément le "duty of care" de l'article 6:162 du code civil néerlandais, lequel amène le juge, afin d'établir le fait générateur, à apprécier le comportement de l'entreprise défenderesse au regard du standard de comportement de la personne prudente et raisonnable. Sont également mobilisés par le juge des travaux scientifiques (rapport du GIEC), des normes de droit international (CEDH) et des normes de droit souple (Principes directeurs de l'ONU), afin de caractériser tant le fait générateur que le dommage (notamment futur). Dans un second temps, l'auteure envisage la portée de ce jugement, frappé d'appel au moment de la rédaction de son article. Elle souligne que le juge s'est appuyé sur la notion d'entreprise, permettant ainsi de contourner l'obstacle traditionnel lié à la personnalité morale, et qu'il a retenu ici une responsabilité préventive, tournée vers le futur. Elle termine en mettant en avant les conditions nécessaires pour que ce jugement soit effectif et constate que l'effort demandé à l'entreprise est plus important que celui préconisé par les rapports d'experts.
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🦉Cet article est accessible en texte intégral pour les personnes inscrites aux enseignements de la Professeure Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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April 8, 2025
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "À quoi engagent les engagements" (In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakings), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Lefebvre-Dalloz, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", 2025, forthcoming
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📝read the article (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper on which this article is based, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📕real the general presentation of the book, L'Obligation de Compliance, in which this article is published
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► English summary of this article: The innocents might believe, taking the Law and its words literally, that "commitments" are binding on those who make them. Shouldn't they be afraid of falling into the trap of the 'false friend', which is what the Law wants to protect them from (as stated in the prolegomena)?
Indeed, the innocent persons think that those who make commitments ask what they must do and say what they will do. Yet, strangely enough, the 'commitments' that are so frequent and common in compliance behaviours are often considered by those who adopt them to have no binding value! Doubtless because they come under disciplines other than Law, such as the art of Management or Ethics. It is both very important and sometimes difficult to distinguish between these different Orders - Management, Moral Norms and Law - because they are intertwined, but because their respective standards do not have the same scope, it is important to untangle this tangle. This potentially creates a great deal of insecurity for companies (I).
The legal certainty comes back when commitments take the form of contracts (II), which is becoming more common as companies contractualise their legal Compliance Obligations, thereby changing the nature of the resulting liability, with the contract retaining the imprint of the legal order or not having the same scope if this prerequisite is not present.
But the contours and distinctions are not so uncontested. In fact, the qualification of unilateral undertaking of will is proposed to apprehend the various documents issued by the companies, with the consequences which are attached to that, in particular the transformation of the company into a 'debtor', which would change the position of the stakeholders with regard to it (III).
It remains that the undertakings expressed by companies on so many important subjects cannot be ignored: they are facts (IV). It is as such that they must be legally considered. In this case, Civil Liability will have to deal with them if the company, in implementing what it says, what it writes and in the way it behaves, commits a fault or negligence that causes damage, not only the sole existence of an undertaking.
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Updated: Dec. 4, 2024 (Initial publication: Feb. 6, 2024)
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakings, June 2024.
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📝 This Working Paper is the basis for the contribution "In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakings", in📘Compliance Obligation.
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► Summary of this Working Paper: The innocents might believe, taking the Law and its words literally, that "commitments" are binding on those who make them. Shouldn't they be afraid of falling into the trap of the 'false friend', which is what the Law wants to protect them from (as stated in the prolegomena)?
Indeed, the innocent persons think that those who make commitments ask what they must do and say what they will do. Yet, strangely enough, the 'commitments' that are so frequent and common in compliance behaviours are often considered by those who adopt them to have no binding value! Doubtless because they come under disciplines other than Law, such as the art of Management or Ethics. It is both very important and sometimes difficult to distinguish between these different Orders - Management, Moral Norms and Law - because they are intertwined, but because their respective standards do not have the same scope, it is important to untangle this tangle. This potentially creates a great deal of insecurity for companies (I).
The legal certainty comes back when commitments take the form of contracts (II), which is becoming more common as companies contractualise their legal Compliance Obligations, thereby changing the nature of the resulting liability, with the contract retaining the imprint of the legal order or not having the same scope if this prerequisite is not present.
But the contours and distinctions are not so uncontested. In fact, the qualification of unilateral undertaking of will is proposed to apprehend the various documents issued by the companies, with the consequences which are attached to that, in particular the transformation of the company into a 'debtor', which would change the position of the stakeholders with regard to it (III).
It remains that the undertakings expressed by companies on so many important subjects cannot be ignored: they are facts (IV). It is as such that they must be legally considered. In this case, Civil Liability will have to deal with them if the company, in implementing what it says, what it writes and in the way it behaves, commits a fault or negligence that causes damage, not only the sole existence of an undertaking.
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Nov. 28, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance et engagement : le juste milieu de l'arrêt rendu par la Cour d'appel de La Haye le 12 novembre 2024", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 28 novembre 2024
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Surplomp, par mafr
la série de vidéos dédiée à la Régulation, la Compliance et la Vigilance
Nov. 26, 2024
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance, Climat, Dommage, Science et Vérité - Cour d'appel de La Haye, 12 novembre 2024", in série de vidéos Surplomb, 26 novembre 2024
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la série de vidéos dédiée à la Régulation, la Compliance et la Vigilance
May 29, 2024
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection Compliance & Regulation, JoRC and Bruylant
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, "Compliance & Regulation" Serie, to be published
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📕In parallel, a book in French L'Obligation de compliance, is published in the collection "Régulations & Compliance" co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz.
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📚This book is inserted in this series created by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche for developing Compliance Law.
read the presentations of the other books of this Compliance Series:
- further books:
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (dir.), 📘Le système probatoire de la compliance, 2025
- previous books:
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed), 📘Compliance Juridictionnalisation, 2023
🕴️M.A. Frison-Roche (ed), 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📘Compliance Tools, 2021
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► go to the general presentation of this 📚Series Compliance & Regulation, conceived, founded et managed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, co-published par the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.
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🧮the book follows the cycle of colloquia 2023 organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its Universities partners.
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► general presentation of the book: Compliance is sometimes presented as something that cannot be avoided, which is tantamount to seeing it as the legal obligation par excellence, Criminal Law being its most appropriate mode of expression. However, this is not so evident. Moreover, it is becoming difficult to find a unity to the set of compliance tools, encompassing what refers to a moral representation of the world, or even to the cultures specific to each company, Compliance Law only having to produce incentives or translate this ethical movement. The obligation of compliance is therefore difficult to define.
This difficulty to define affecting the obligation of compliance reflects the uncertainty that still affects Compliance Law in which this obligation develops. Indeed, if we were to limit this branch of law to the obligation to "be conform" with the applicable regulations, the obligation would then be located more in these "regulations", the classical branches of Law which are Contract Law and Tort Law organising "Obligations" paradoxically remaining distant from it. In practice, however, it is on the one hand Liability actions that give life to legal requirements, while companies make themselves responsible through commitments, often unilateral, while contracts multiply, the articulation between legal requirements and corporate and contractual organisations ultimately creating a new way of "governing" not only companies but also what is external to them, so that the Monumental Goals, that Compliance Law substantially aims at, are achieved.
The various Compliance Tools illustrate this spectrum of the Compliance Obligation which varies in its intensity and takes many forms, either as an extension of the classic legal instruments, as in the field of information, or in a more novel way through specific instruments, such as whistleblowing or vigilance. The contract, in that it is by nature an Ex-Ante instrument and not very constrained by borders, can then appear as a natural instrument in the compliance system, as is the Judge who is the guarantor of the proper execution of Contract and Tort laws. The relationship between companies, stakeholders and political authorities is thus renewed.
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🏗️general construction of the book
The book opens with a double Introduction. The first, which is freely accessible, is a summary of the book, while the second, which is substantial, deals with the future development of the compliance obligation in a borderless economic system.
The first part is devoted to the definition of the Compliance Obligation.
The second part presents commitments and contracts, in certain new or classic categories, in particular public contracts, and compliance stipulations, analysed and qualified regarding Compliance Law and the various relevant branches of Law.
The third part develops the responsibilities attached to the compliance obligation.
The fourth part refers to the institutions that are responsible for the effectiveness, efficiency, and efficacy of the compliance obligation, including the judge and the international arbitrator.
The fifth part takes the Obligation or Duty of Vigilance as an illustration of all these considerations.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION : OVERVIEW
Section 1 ♦️ Main Aspects of the Book L'Obligation de Compliance, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ Conceiving the unicity of the Compliance Obligation without diluting it, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
TITLE I.
IDENTIFYING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
CHAPTER I: NATURE OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Will, Heart and Calculation, the three marks surrounding the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ Debt, as the basis of the compliance obligation, by 🕴️Bruno Deffains
Section 3 ♦️ Compliance Obligation and Human Rights, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine
Section 4 ♦️ Compliance Obligation and changes in Sovereignty and Citizenship, by 🕴️René Sève
CHAPTER II: SPACES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Industrial Entities and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Etienne Maclouf
Section 2 ♦️ Compliance, Value Chains and Service Economy, by 🕴️Lucien Rapp
Section 3 ♦️ Compliance and conflict of laws. International Law of Vigilance-Conformity, based on recent applications in Europe, by 🕴️Louis d'Avout
TITLE II.
ARTICULATING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION WITH BRANCHES OF LAW
Section 1 ♦️ Constitutional dimensions of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Stéphane Mouton
Section 2 ♦️ Tax Law and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Daniel Gutmann
Section 3 ♦️ General Procedural Law, prototype of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 4 ♦️ Corporate and Financial Markets Law facing the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Anne-Valérie Le Fur
Section 5 ♦️ The Relation between Tort Law and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Jean-Sébastien Borghetti
Section 6 ♦️ Environmental and Climate Compliance, by 🕴️Marta Torre-Schaub
Section 7 ♦️ Competition Law and Compliance Law, by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda
Section 8 ♦️ The Compliance Obligation in Global Law, by 🕴️Benoît Frydman
Section 9 ♦️ Transformation of Labour Relations and Vigilance Obligation, by 🕴️Stéphane Vernac
Section 11 ♦️ Judge of Insolvency Law and Compliance Obligations, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Barbièri
TITLE III.
COMPLIANCE : GIVE AND TAKE THE MEANS TO OBLIGE
CHAPTER I: CONVERGENCE OF SOURCES
Section 1 ♦️ Compliance Obligation, between Will and Consent: obligation upon obligation works, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ What a Commitment is, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 3 ♦️ Cybersecurity and Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Michel Séjean
Section 4 ♦️ Place of Hope in the Ability to Apprehend the Future, by 🕴️
Section 5 ♦️ Legal Constraint and Company Strategies in Compliance matters, by 🕴️Jean-Philippe Denis & Nathalie Fabbe-Costes
CHAPTER II: INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN SUPPORT OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Reinforcing Compliance Commitments by referring Ex Ante to International Arbitration, by
Section 2 ♦️ The Arbitral Tribunal's Award in Kind, in support of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Eduardo Silva Romero
Section 3 ♦️ The use of International Arbitration to reinforce the Compliance Obligation: the example of the construction sector, by 🕴️Christophe Lapp & 🕴️Jean-François Guillemin
Section 4 ♦️ The Arbitrator, Judge, Supervisor, Support, by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine
Section 5 ♦️ How International Arbitration can reinforce the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Laurent Aynès
TITLE IV.
VIGILANCE, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
CHAPTER I: INTENSITIES OF THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
Section 1 ♦️ Systemic Articulation between Vigilance, Due Diligence, Conformity and Compliance: Vigilance, Total Share of the Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Section 2 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Financial Operators, by 🕴️Anne-Claire Rouaud
Section 3 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Banking and Insurance Operators, by 🕴️Mathieu Françon
Section 4 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Digital Operators, by 🕴️Grégoire Loiseau
Section 5 ♦️ Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Energy Operators, by 🕴️Marie Lamoureux
CHAPTER II: VARIATIONS OF TENSIONS GENERATED BY THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
Section 1 ♦️ Rethinking the Concept of Civil Liability in the light of the Duty of Vigilance, Spearhead of Compliance, by 🕴️Mustapha Mekki
Section 2 ♦️ The transformation of governance and due diligence, by 🕴️Véronique Magnier
Section 3 ♦️ Technologies available, prescribed or prohibited to meet Compliance and Vigilance requirements, by 🕴️Emmanuel Netter
CHAPTER III: NEW MODALITIES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION, HIGHLIGHTED BY THE VIGILANCE IMPERATIVE
Section 1 ♦️ How the Vigilance Imperative fits in with International Legal Rules, by 🕴️Bernard Haftel
Section 2 ♦️ Contracts and clauses, implementation and modalities of the Vigilance Obligation, by 🕴️Gilles J. Martin
Section 3 ♦️ Proof that Vigilance has been properly carried out with regard to the Compliance Evidence System, by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda
TITLE V.
THE JUDGE AND THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION
Section 1 ♦️ Present and Future Challenges of Articulating Principles of Civil and Commercial Procedure with the Logic of Compliance, by 🕴️Thibault Goujon-Bethan
Section 2 ♦️ Mediation, the way forward for an Effective Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Malik Chapuis
Section 3 ♦️ The Judge required for an Effective Compliance Obligation, by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
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Dec. 8, 2022
Conferences
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La compliance, perspective dynamique pour exprimer la raison d'être des commissaires de justice", in Table-ronde sur "Professions réglementées, ambitions et enjeux", Congrès annuel national des Commissaires de justice, Paris, 8 décembre 2022.
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►lire le programme complet du congrès et 🎥regarder la présentation du colloque par le président du Congrès
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►présentation de l'intervention : Ce premier congrès annuel national des Commissaires de justice, réunissant pour la première fois la profession réformée, a débuté par un débat de 2 heures animé par une journaliste, débat entre les autres professions, les autorités publiques (Autorité de la concurrence, Chancellerie), ayant pour ma part à y apporter le regard académique :
Ce débat fut particulièrement animé et vivant, ne serait-ce qu'en raison de la configuration des lieux, chacun étant placé pour entrer dans un dialogue :
🎤 J'y pris la parole en premier pour insister sur le fait que les "professions" sont des structures qui ont un grand avenir, en ce qu'elles s'articulent avec le système économique libéral, qu'elles sont par nature régulées et porteuses de régulation, dans des systèmes qui, pour demeurer libéraux, vont en avoir de plus en plus besoin. Cela est pertinent pour la profession des Commissaires de justice qui procurent de la sécurité, via de l'incontestabilité reposant aussi sur le lien entre celle-ci et les faits, et qui assurent l'effectivité des engagements en gardant le souci du lien social.
🎤 J'ai repris la parole lorsque la place de la Compliance fut évoquée. Dépassant l'exigence de "conformité", qui n'est qu'un outil de la Compliance, j'ai montré l'avenir du Droit de la Compliance, notamment dans l'Europe qui associe dynamisme économique, souci des personnes et de l'environnement, et l'alliance que cela implique entre les Autorités politiques et publiques et les entités susceptibles de participer à la concrétisation de ces Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance.
📕 Pour aller plus loin : M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Les buts monumentaux de la compliance, 2022.
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regarder la présentation du colloque par le président du Congrès
Sept. 30, 2022
Thesaurus : 10. Autorité de la Concurrence
► Full Reference: Autorité de la concurrence (French Competition Authority), Décision relative à la prise de contrôle exclusif de la société McKesson Europe par le groupe Phoenix (Decision on the acquisition of sole control of McKesson Europe by the Phoenix Group), 30 September 2022, n° 22-DCC-186.
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🏛️read the decision (in French)
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Sept. 5, 2022
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Compliance contract, compliance clauses, working paper, September 2022.
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►Summary of this working paper: Compliance Law has multiplied obligations. However, although Tort Law is emerging in Compliance issues and contracts are multiplying in practice, for the moment the relationship between Compliance Law and Contract Law is not very visible (I).
However, there are contracts whose sole purpose is to give concrete form to Compliance, which creates a specific contract and must influence its implementation (II). Moreover, there is much to learn from the diversity of compliance stipulations scattered throughout a wide range of contracts (III).
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🔓read the developments below⤵️
July 6, 2022
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "L'appui du Droit de la Compliance pour la maîtrise quotidienne du Droit de la concurrence" ("The support of Compliance Law for the daily mastery of Competition Law"), in C. Lemaire & F. Martucci (eds.), Liber Amicorum Laurence Idot. Concurrence et Europe, vol. I, pref. C. Lemaire & F. Martucci, foreword B. Lasserre, Concurrences, 2022, pp. 369-374
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► English Summary of the article: Competition Law has become so huge and has included so many regulations and "regulatory" perspective that we end up giving up trying to grasp it as a whole, preferring to become a specialist in one of its parts. That would be to lose sight of the simple and strong reason that unites the whole and gives it its breath: Freedom.
Freedom experienced by the persons in their daily economic action, Freedom guarded by Competition Law, always returning to its principle: Free Competition. Therefore, the European Union places great emphasis on Competition. To make effective and to keep it in this state, “Competition Policy” is based on Competition Law, but if authorities and judges do not blame companies for their power, they do not rely on it.
To do this, Competition Law must be supported by Compliance Law, which strongly encourages companies to act for the effectiveness and the promotion of competitive principles. Competition Law is thus slipping from the Ex-Post towards the Ex-Ante, the commitments of companies leading them to cease being passive, even punished, to become convinced actors and themselves pedagogues. Something to please a great Professor of Competition Law, to whom homage is paid here.
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📗read the Table of Contents of the book in which this article is published (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📝read the article (in French)
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March 23, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : A. Menais (dir.), Raison d'être, engagement et responsabilité, préf. B. Le Marie, postace O. Grégoire, EMS Éditions, 2022, 192 p.
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► Présentation de l'ouvrage (faite par l'éditeur) : C’est une révolution calme, certes, mais une vraie révolution sociétale que la loi Pacte a engagée.
Au-delà du droit, c’est en effet un nouvel espace qui s’ouvre pour équilibrer les relations entre État, entreprises et individus ; un espace qui permet de construire au-delà du capitalisme à un moment où les effets de la pandémie mondiale ont créé, de facto, les conditions du changement.
Cet ouvrage collectif ne prétend pas résoudre l’apparent paradoxe entre attentes de changements profonds sur le long terme et envie d’immédiateté de résultats, mais bien de mettre en lumière les enjeux juridiques, humains et sociaux, en particulier la responsabilité de l’entreprise et de ses dirigeants, qu’emportent les nouvelles notions établies par la loi du 22 mai 2019.
Les témoignages des experts en ressources humaines, en théories des organisations, des investisseurs, des économistes et des dirigeants, contributeurs à cet ouvrage, permettent d’appréhender les défi s inédits dévoilés par la définition des raisons d’être et des missions pour l’entreprise. Ils livrent des regards différents et complémentaires sur la nouvelle finalité des entreprises et des institutions : leur raison d’être. Ce sont des pionniers engagés qui témoignent de leurs choix, du chemin qu’ils ont parcouru et parfois entamé bien avant que la loi n’existe, et des attentes nées de ce changement.
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► Auteurs des contributions : Jean-Paul Agon, Jean-David Aurange, Ludovic Aventin, Jean-Paul Berthomé, Christophe Bonduelle, Franck Carnero, Sophie Chambon-Diallo, Yves Chapot, Hervé Coureil, Jean-Marc Daniel, Bruno Dondero, Emmanuelle Duez, Charlotte Duthoo, Geneviève Férone-Creuzet, Ashley Grice, Nicolas Guérin, Armand Hatchuel, Martin Hitzer, Augustin Jaclin, Emery Jacquillat, Sophie Javary, Eric Labaye, Kevin Levillain, Caroline de la Marnierre, Adeline Lescanne Gautier, Helle Liautaud, Didier Martin, Colin Mayer, Lynn Paine, Alissa Pelatan, Alexandre Perra, Fanny Picard, Floriane de Saint Pierre, Blanche Segrestin, Julie Serrier, Dominique Stucki, Thibault de Tersant, Mathias Vicherat et Frank Wismer
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July 7, 2021
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : M. Fabre-Magnan, Droit des obligations, t. 1 : Contrat et engagement unilatéral, 6ième éd., PUF, coll. "Thémis", série "Droit", 2021, 928 p.
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📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage
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May 26, 2021
Thesaurus : 09. Juridictions étrangères
► Référence complète : Rechtbank Den Haag (Tribunal de La Haye), 26 mai 2021, aff. C/09/571932 / HA ZA 19-379, Vereniging Milieudefensie et a. c/ Royal Dutch Shell PLC.
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🏛️lire la traduction française du jugement
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📝commentaires de la décision :
- D. 2021, pp. 1968-1970, obs. A.-M. Ilcheva
- EEI, nov. 2021, n° 11, comm. 86, note F.-G. Trébulle
- JSS, 14 août 2021, n° 59, p. 14, tribune C. Lepage, V. Saintaman et B. Denis
- Gaz. Pal., 27 juillet 2021, n° 28, p. 24, art. n° 424w6, note M.-P. Maître
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March 21, 2021
Compliance: at the moment
March 19, 2021
Thesaurus : 01. Conseil constitutionnel
► Référence complète : Conseil constitutionnel, 19 mars 2021, décision n° 2021-891 QPC, Association Générations futures et autres
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Sept. 7, 2017
Thesaurus : Soft Law
Updated: July 31, 2013 (Initial publication: Oct. 17, 2011)
Teachings : Les Grandes Questions du Droit, semestre d'automne 2011
July 1, 2012
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : Bouloc, B., Remarques sur l’incitation à la mise en place d’un programme de conformité, RLC, n°32, 1 juillet 2012.
Les étudiants Sciences Po peuvent consulter l'article via le drive, dossier "MAFR-Régulation & Compliance".
Nov. 6, 1996
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence : FRYDMAN, Benoît, Négociation ou marchandage ? De l'éthique de la discussion au droit de la négociation, in GERARD, Philippe, OST, François, VAN DE KERCHOVE, Michel (dir.), droit négocié, droit imposé ?, Publications des facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, Bruxelles, 1996, p.231-252.
L'article est consacré aux théories de la négociation.
L'auteur expose tout d'abord les philosophies de la négociation, c'est-à-dire celle du marché où la négociation a été mise en valeur par l'analyse économique du droit, puis celle de John Rawls à travers la théorie du voile d'ignorance, enfin celle de Jürgen Habermas à travers l'éthique de la discussion.
La seconde partie de l'article s'appuie sur ces travaux d'une part et le droit positif d'autre part (belge, en l'espèce) pour montrer que tout semble se négocier, non seulement en droit des contrats, sphère naturelle mais au-delà de celui-ci. Ainsi, les normes se négocient.
Désormais, le "droit négocié" est un phénomène social général et il convient, selon l'auteur, d'élaborer en conséquence, un "droit général de la négociation" (p.250 s.)
Ce droit de la négociation ne serait pas simplement procédural mais viserait à "définir un mode équilibré de discussion", le sujet étant considéré in concreto dans son cercle de communication intersubjective, le principe de respect des anticipations légitimes des autres devant être posé. En outre, devant être posé "un véritable droit d'accès de tous à la négociation".
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April 5, 1994
Publications
Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le sort des engagements non-financiers des plans", Rev. proc. coll. 1994, p.339 s. (rectificatif p.433).
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Cet article a pris appui sur une recherche de sociologie juridique menée à partir de l'analyse des plans de redressement et de leur suivi, pratiqués par le Tribunal de commerce de Paris. Cette recherche, menée avec Michel Germain, a donné lieu à un rapport de recherche, remis au Tribunal de commerce de Paris en 1993.
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