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June 24, 2024
Conferences
► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Les deux rencontres entre l'intelligence artificielle et le Contentieux Systémique" ("The two meetings between Artificial Intelligence and Systemic Litigation"), in L’intelligence artificielle, nouveau champ de Contentieux Systémique (Artificial intelligence, new field of Systemic Litigation), in cycle of conferences-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, June 24, 2024, 11am-12.30pm, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin courtroom.
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🧮see the full programme of this event
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► English Summary of the conference: In the general presentation on the theme itself, I underlined "The two meetings between Artificial Intelligence and Systemic Litigation".
The focus of this conference is not the state of what is usually called Artificial Intelligence, but rather how to correlate AI and "Emerging Systemic Litigation" (ESL).
This involves recalling what "Systemic Litigation" is (1), then looking at the contribution of Artificial Intelligence to dealing with this type of litigation (2), before considering that the algorithmic system itself can be a subject of Systemic Litigation (3).
1. What is the Systemic Litigation that we see Emerging?
On the very notion of "Emerging Systemic Litigation" (ESL), proposed in 2021, read : M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🚧The Hypothesis of the category of Systemic Cases brought before the Judge, 2021
Emerging Systemic Litigation concerns situations that are brought before the Judge and in which a System is involved. This may involve the banking system, the financial system, the energy system, the digital system, the climate system or the algorithmic system.
In this type of litigation, the interests and future of the system itself are at stake, "in the case". The judge must therefore "take them into consideration"📎!footnote-3679.
In this respect, "Emerging Systemic Litigation" must be distinguished from "Mass Litigation". "Mass litigation" refers to a large number of similar disputes. The fact that they are often of "low importance" is not necessarily decisive, as these disputes are important for the people involved and the use of A.I. must not overpower the specificity of each one. The fact remains, however, that the criterion for Systemic Litigation is the presence of a system. It may happen that a mass litigation calls into question the very interest of a system (for example, value date litigation), but more often than not the Systemic Litigation we see emerging is, unlike mass litigation, a very specific case in which one party, for example, formulates a very specific claim (e.g., asking for considerable work to be stopped) against a multinational company, and will thus "call into question" an entire value chain and the obligations incumbent on the powerful company to safeguard the climate system, which is therefore present in the proceedings (which does not, however, entitle it to make claims, but which must be taken into consideration).
2. The contribution of Algorithmic Power in the conduct of a Systemic Litigation
In this respect, AI can be a useful, if not indispensable, tool for mastering such Systemic Litigation, the emergence of which corresponds to a novelty, and the knowledge of which is brought before the Ordinary Law Judge.
Indeed, this type of litigation is particularly complex and time-consuming, with evidentiary issues at the heart of the case, and with expert appraisal following on from expert appraisal. Expert appraisals are difficult to carry out. AI can therefore be a means for the judge to control the expert dimension of Systemic Litigation, in order to curb the increased risk of experts capturing the judge's decision-making power.
The choice of AI techniques presents the same difficulties as those that have always applied to experts. It is likely that certification mechanisms, analogous to registration on expert lists, will be put in place, if we move away from construction by the courts themselves (or by the government, which may pose a problem for the independence of the judiciary), or if we want control over tools provided by the parties themselves, with regard to the principle of equality of arms due to the cost of these tools.
3. When it is the Algorithmic System itself that is the subject of a Systemic Litigation: its place is then rather in defense
Moreover, the algorithmic system itself gives rise to Systemic Litigation, in that individuals may bring a case before the courts claiming to have suffered damage as a result of the algorithmic system's operation, or seeking enforcement of a contract drawn up by the system. It is in the realm of the Ordinary Contract and Tort Law that the system may find itself involved in the jurisdictional proceedings.
It is noteworthy that, compared with the hypotheses hitherto favored in previous conference-debates, notably those of April 26, 2024 on Emerging Systemic Litigation linked to the Duty of Vigilance📎!footnote-3681, the systems involved have been taken into consideration more behind the claims articulated by the plaintiffs, since they allege that a system has been attacked. It would then be "civil society" acting against the company. In the case of the algorithmic system, the initial litigation is made up of allegations that accuse the system of infringing rights (e.g. copyright, right to privacy, etc.).
However, the instance changes if the system is no longer presented as the potential "victim" but rather as the potential "culprit". In particular, it is much less clear what type of intervener in the proceedings, who is not necessarily a party to the dispute, should speak to explain the system's interest, particularly with regard to the sustainability and future of the AI system.
This is an area for further consideration by heads of courts.
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June 20, 2024
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, The will, the heart and the calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation, March 2024.
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📝 This Working Paper is the basis for the contribution "The will, the heart and the calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation", in📘Compliance Obligation.
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► Summary of this Working Paper: There is often a dispute over the pertinent definition of Compliance Law, but the scale and force of the resulting obligation for the companies subject to it is clear. It remains difficult to define. First, we must not to be overwhelmed by the many obligations through which the Compliance Obligation takes shape, such as the obligation to map, to investigate, to be vigilant, to sanction, to educate, to collaborate, and so on. Not only this obligations list is very long, it is also open-ended, with companies themselves and judges adding to it as and when companies, sectors and cases require.
Nor should we be led astray by the distance that can be drawn between the contours of this Compliance Obligation, which can be as much a matter of will, a generous feeling for a close or distant other in space or time, or the result of a calculation. This plurality does not pose a problem if we do not concentrate all our efforts on distinguishing these secondary obligations from one another but on measuring what they are the implementation of, this Compliance Obligation which ensures that entities, companies, stakeholders and public authorities, contribute to achieving the Goals targeted by Compliance Law, Monumental Goals which give unity to the Compliance Obligation. Thus unified by the same spirit, the implementation of all these secondary obligations, which seem at once disparate, innumerable and often mechanical, find unity in their regime and the way in which Regulators and Judges must control, sanction and extend them, since the Compliance Obligation breathes a common spirit into them.
In the same way that the multiplicity of compliance techniques must not mask the uniqueness of the Compliance Obligation, the multiplicity of sources must not produce a similar screen. Indeed, the Legislator has often issued a prescription, an order with which companies must comply, Compliance then often being perceived as required obedience. But the company itself expresses a will that is autonomous from that of the Legislator, the vocabulary of self-regulation and/or ethics being used in this perspective, because it affirms that it devotes forces to taking into consideration the situation of others when it would not be compelled to do so, but that it does so nonetheless because it cares about them. However, the management of reputational risks and the value of bonds of trust, or a suspicious reading of managerial choices, lead us to say that all this is merely a calculation.
Thus, the contribution sets out to identify the Compliance Obligation by recognising the role of all these different sources. It emphasises that, in monitoring the proper performance of technical compliance obligations by Managers, Regulators and Judges, insofar as they implement the Compliance Obligation, it is pointless to limit oneself to a single source or to rank them abruptly in order of importance. The Compliance Obligation is part of the very definition of Compliance Law, built on the political ambition to achieve these Monumental Goals of preserving systems - banking, financial, energy, digital, etc. - in the future, so that human beings who cannot but depend on them are not crushed by them, or even benefit from them. This is the teleological yardstick by which the Compliance Obligation is measured, and with it all the secondary obligations that give it concrete form, whatever their source and whatever the reason why the initial standard was adopted.
In order to define Compliance's Obligation, the contribution endeavours to recognise the contribution of all these three sources: Will, Heart and Calculation.
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🔓read the developments below ⤵️
June 13, 2024
Interviews
► Full reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Entreprises et compliance : une justice et des juges plus offensifs" ("Companies and compliance: more aggressive courts and judges"), interview conducted by Jean-Philippe Denis as part of a series of interviews on Compliance Law, in Fenêtres ouvertes sur la gestion (Open windows on management), broadcast by J.-Ph. Denis, Xerfi Canal, recorded December 12, 2023, released on June 14, 2024.
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🌐consult the December 2023 presentation of the interview on LinkedIn
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🎥watch the interview video on LinkedIn, with English subtitles
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🧱consult the general presentation of this series of interviews on Compliance Law
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► Starting point: Since 2016, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche has been building Compliance Law, notably through a collection co-published in French with Editions Dalloz and co-published in English with Editions Bruylant:
🧱read the presentation in English of the series in French, Régulations & Compliance ➡️click HERE
🧱read the presentation of the series in English, Compliance & Regulation ➡️click HERE
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► Summary of interview:
Jean-Philippe Denis. Question :
Marie-Anne Frison-Roche. Answer. :
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J.-Ph D. Q. : Thus
MaFR. A. : Yes,
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J.-Ph. D. Q. : Thus
MaFR. A. : Yes,
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June 12, 2024
Conferences
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Participation in the panel "Une Gouvernance responsable : vers un mieux vivre ensemble ?" ("Responsible governance: towards a better way of living together"), in Grenelle du Droit 5. L'avenir de la filière juridique, Association française des juristes d'entreprise ("The future of the legal profession"), AFJE), Cercle Montesquieu and Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Campus Port-Royal Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 1 rue de la Glacière, 75013 Paris, June 12, 2024
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🧮See the full programme of this event (in French)
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🎥watch the interview made just after this round-table discussion (in French)
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🪑🪑🪑🪑🪑 will also be taking part in this round-table discussion:
🕴️Yves Garagnon, Chairman of Dilitrust,
🕴️Pierrick Le Goff, lawyer, partner at De Gaulle Fleurance,
🕴️Sabine Lochmann, Chairman of Ascend,
🕴️Vincent Vigneau, President of the Commercial, Economic and Financial Chamber of the Cour de cassation (French Judicial Supreme Court)
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► English presentation of my intervention in this event's opening plenary round-table: In this plenary round table which opens the event, devoted to the theme of 'responsible corporate governance', for my interventions based on my work I will have the opportunity to address more particularly these different perspectives:
- How the new Compliance Law, which gives concrete expression to the responsibility of enterprises in a new relationship with States and with civil society, constitutes a 'legal revolution
- 💡for the record, mafr,📝Compliance Law, 2016 ; (ed.) 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022
- how the judgment handed down by the Tribunal judiciaire de Paris (Paris First Instance Civil Court) on 28 February 2023 (Total Ouganda case) is remarkable and already constitutes a turning point in case law
- 💡for the record, mafr, 🎤audition as amica curiae, hearing of 26 October 2022 before the first instance Paris Court; (ed)📘Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2024
- how the relationship between States and enterprises is being renewed by this profound legal movement expressed by Compliance Law
- 💡for the record, mafr et M. Boissavy (ed.), 📕Compliance et droits de la défense - Enquêtes internes, CJIP, CRPC, mafr (dir.), 📘 Compliance Obligation, 2025
- how internal lawyers have a decisive and central role to play in this movement, particularly in the mechanism of vigilance / corporate sustainability due diligence, the "cutting edge" of Compliance Law,
- 💡for the record, mafr, 📝Contract of Compliance, Compliance stipulations, 2023 ; (ed.), 📘Compliance and Contract, 2025
- what is meant by the "Ex Ante responsibility" of enterprises, which does not necessarily entail their Ex Post liability, a distinction which lawyers are the guardians of
- 💡for the record, mafr, 📝La responsabilité Ex Ante, pilier du Droit de la Compliance ("Ex-Ante Responsability, Compliance Law Pillar"), 2021
- how European Compliance Law is profoundly humanist, an identity that distinguishes European Compliance from American Compliance and, above all, from Chinese Compliance.
- 💡for the record, mafr (ed.), 📕Pour une Europe de la Compliance ("For the Europe of the Compliance"), 2017
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read the article about this round table written by Delphine Bauer in Actu-Juridique (in French)
June 6, 2024
Publications
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "François Terré. In memoriam", D. 2024, p. 1028
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🌞read the in memoriam published in the Recueil Dalloz on June 6, 2024 (in French)
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May 29, 2024
Law by Illustrations
► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche., "La justice au miroir de ses erreurs : Copie conforme", billet mai 2024.
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En 1947, sort un film Copie conforme qui eut un très grand succès, peut-être parce que Louis Jouvet y endossait tant de rôles.
C'est sous cet angle là qu'enfant on me parlait de ce film. Avant d'avoir fait connaissance avec la procédure juridique du "copie conforme", c'est par ce dédoublement du personnage de guignol qui change parce qu'il met une fausse moustache, ou des lunettes, et devient alors un autre, puis trouve un autre homme qui lui ressemble tant que les deux ne deviennent plus qu'un, que je suis d'abord ce qu'était "Copie conforme".
Plus tard, quand j'eus l'âge de lire des livres, puis des livres de droit, j'appris la procédure du "copie conforme" par laquelle un agent doté de l'autorité publique requise peut délivrer un autre document certifié comme reproduisant exactement un original et pouvant faire foi qu'il ne déforme pas celui-ci dans la copie qu'il en fait.
Quel film qui dit tout l'inverse du Droit, qui le fait mentir.
Qui décrit l'injustice de la justice.
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Il y a beaucoup de perspectives dans ce film, ce qu'est un film, puisque le personnage central est un photographe célèbre, qui peut transformer tout le monde par les photos qu'il prend, la tête ou les jambes dissociés, photographiant l'inspecteur de police lui disant qu'il ne le fait pas payer "puisqu'il se paye sa tête" en lui déformant le visage lui tordant la bouche ce qui rend ses paroles incompréhensibles.
C'est cela l'art de se découper, de transformer, de mettre en carré, Jouvet habillé en prince opérant cela avec quiconque et avec tous.
Mais enfin, parlons ici plutôt du Droit puisqu'il va cesser de se dupliquer en vieillard, en ouvrir, en duc, en déménageur, tout en restant derrière sa caméra, que lorsqu'il sera confronté à la justice en ayant l'idée qui lui sera fatale : celle de trouver un alibi.
Cet alibi, c'est un personne qui n'existe pas puisqu'il s'appelle Monsieur Dupont, qu'il veut mourir (parce que la justice l'a pris pour un autre, pour un duc, pour un déménageur, etc.), et qu'il faut absolument rester dans sa vie qui lui plait et qu'il décrit avec soin : n'être pas "quelqu'un", n'être pas reconnu, avoir ses amis, sa journée réglée, son chat, la belle vie quoi.
Mais le photographe, qui ne peut donc vivre qu'en volant par son appareil et tous ses accessoires toutes les vies possibles de tous les autres possibles (car la femme parfaite photographiée par la tête de l'une et les jambes de l'autre n'existe pas davantage, le duc non plus, etc.), trouve enfin un homme qui croit ne pas vivre mais qui, de banalité en banalité touche plus le sol, en butant sur le pot-au-lait du matin, en rangeant chaque soir sa chemise. Et ça, il va l'appeler : Duplicata. Comme ils se ressemblent, il lui dit que tant qu'il ira cambrioler, l'autre se montrera et ainsi l'image sera donnée de son absence sur les lieux du crime puisqu'il était présent ailleurs.
La diabolicum probatio est faite : Louis Jouvet pouvait l'apporter, l'on n'en doutait pas de sa part, le Quai des orfèvres est si proche.
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Pourquoi le pâle reflet devient-il le personnage consistant ? l'on pourrait dire l'inverse car le splendide n'est qu'une image alors que la scène pivot du film est la discussion, toute entière, des deux dans laquelle le personnage qui croit n'être rien, puisqu'il n'est pas connu et n'a pas de prestance, a une vie et c'est par affection que sa collègue fera un faux témoignage pour lui, mais cela il ne le voit pas. Le voleur, celui qui n'a donc en réalité rien à lui, ne dit rien de lui, que pourrait-il dire puisqu'il est que duc, déménageur, vendeur de diamant, livreur, enfin il suffit de passer commande au photographe et d'attirer sa convoitise, expose juste l'exploitation qu'il va faire de l'insignifiant Dupont.
Dupont quant à lui décrit sa vie, refuse qu'on la lui ôte, revendique que sa vie si insignifiante soit-elle c'est la sienne et qu'elle n'est pas à la disposition d'autrui. J'ai pensé à De minimis. Il raconte que la justice déjà a voulu la lui prendre.
En effet, la justice a voulu la plus prendre. Monsieur Dupont est vendeur de boutons. C'est pour en vendre qu'il entre en contact avec une victime du voleur. Il en vend peu parce qu'il ne sait pas très bien vendre. On a du charisme ou on n'en a pas.
Immédiatement reconnu, il est déféré au tribunal. Le juge le confronte à toutes les victimes.
Formellement les victimes le reconnaissent, formellement les victimes ne le reconnaissent pas. On lui met des lunettes, ou des moustaches, ou des cheveux gris : les victimes commencent à se disputer entre elles.... Mais si c'est absolument ! Mais non ce n'est absolument pas lui !
Et là, sa jeune collègue le sauve de la prison dans laquelle le juge veut l'envoyer en intervenant et en faisant un faux témoignage, affirmant que le jour du délit, ils étaient ensemble, que d'ailleurs ils sont ensemble... Et c'est ainsi qu'il échappe à la prison.
Par la suite, lorsque l'insignifiant, celui qui vit et qui est aimé, rencontre celui qui a de la prestance, c'est-à-dire celui qui est vide et n'a rien, le premier voudra la vie de l'autre. C'est si beau la grande vie, et Louis Jouvet porte si beau la queue-de-pie.
N'est-ce pas un merveilleux film, Copie conforme ?
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May 27, 2024
Conferences
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le Contentieux Systémique Emergent du fait du système numérique ("emerging systemic litigation arising from the digital system"), in Les contrôles techniques des risques présents sur les plateformes et les contentieux engendrés (Technical controls on the risks present on platforms and the disputes that arise), in cycle of conferences-debates "Contentieux Systémique Émergent" ("Emerging Systemic Litigation"), organised on the initiative of the Cour d'appel de Paris (Paris Cour of Appeal), with the Cour de cassation (French Court of cassation), the Cour d'appel de Versailles (Versailles Court of Appeal), the École nationale de la magistrature - ENM (French National School for the Judiciary) and the École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris - EFB (Paris Bar School), under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, May 27,2024, 9h-10h30, Cour d'appel de Paris, Cassin room
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🧮see the full programme of this event
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🔲see the slides (in French), basis of this conference
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🌐read on LinkedIn the summary of this conference les slides
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🎤read the presentation of the second conference in this manifestation: "Un contentieux systémique in vivo : le cas dit des sites pornographiques" ("a Systemic Litigation in vivo: the case of pornographic prestations platforms")
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► Summary of this conference: This speech is a prelude to the three more specific speeches and aims to show how the digital system, by its very nature, produces and will produce "Systemic Litigation".
Systemic Litigation" is defined by "cases" (a procedural notion) brought before judges, who may be judges of first instance, or possibly emergency judges, in which the interests, or even the future, of a system are involved beyond the dispute between the parties.
This Systemic Case may be brought before a specialised judge, including the juridictional body of a Regulatory or Supervisory Authority, but also before a judge of ordinary Law, on the basis of a special text but possibly on the basis of a text of ordinary Law. This can lead to a fragmentation of litigation, even though the unity of the system remains, or even is at stake, in the present and in the future.
The "digital system" is an example of the "natural" production of Systemic Litigation which arise as a result of the Digital System alone, in particular because of the systemic risks inherent in this system, and the fact that their prevention and management are internalised in the operators who have built and manage the system (Compliance Law). The issue is therefore one of Interregulation.
Platforms in particular give rise to Systemic Litigation because of the specific nature of certain risks, for example disinformation, terrorism, destruction of rights (copyright being just one example), the risk of minors having access to content that is destructive for them, and so on.
Digital Systemic Litigation has only just begun.
It is essential that judges are prepared for this and that they face up to it together through dialogue.
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May 27, 2024
Conferences
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Un contentieux systémique in vivo : le cas dit des sites pornographiques", in Les contrôles techniques des risques présents sur les plateformes et les contentieux engendrés, in cycle de conférences-débats "Contentieux Systémique Émergent", organisé à l'initiative de la Cour d'appel de Paris, avec la Cour de cassation, la Cour d'appel de Versailles, l'École nationale de la magistrature (ENM) et l'École de formation des barreaux du ressort de la Cour d'appel de Paris (EFB), sous la responsabilité scientifique de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, 27 mai 2024, 9h-10h30, Cour d'appel de Paris, salle Cassin
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🧮consulter le programme complet de cette manifestation
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🧮consulter le programme de l'ensemble du cycle Contentieux Systémique Émergent
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🔲consulter les slides ayant servi de support à l'intervention
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🌐consulter sur LinkedIn les slides ayant servi de support à l'intervention
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🎤consulter une présentation de la seconde intervention de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche prononcée lors de cette conférence-débat : "Le contentieux Systémique Emergent du fait du système numérique"
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► Résumé de cette conférence :
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