Home ยป Publications ยป Working papers ยป ๐Ÿšง Obligation upon Obligation is valid and useful

13 June 2023 ·

Working Paper

๐Ÿšง Obligation upon Obligation is valid and useful

LinkedIn X

โ–บ Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, The role of will in the Compliance Obligation: Obligation upon Obligation is valid and useful, Working Paper, June 2023.

____

๐ŸŽค  This working paper was originally drawn up as a basis for the talk, Obligation on Obligation is worth, on the first day of the conference I co-organised:๐ŸงฎCompliance : Obligation, devoir, pouvoir, culture (Compliance: Obligation, duty, power, culture), on 13 June 2023.

____

It was subsequently used as the basis for a forthcoming article:

๐Ÿ“La part de la volonté dans l’obligation de compliance : Obligation sur Obligation vaut".

in๐Ÿ“•L'obligation de compliance, in the collection ๐Ÿ“šRégulations & Compliance

๐Ÿ“The role of will in the Compliance Obligation: Obligation upon Obligation is valid and useful,

in๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, in the collection ๐Ÿ“šCompliance & Regulation

____

โ–บ Summary of this Working Paper: The demonstration of the part played by the entreprises' Will in the Compliance Obligation incumbent on them is carried out in 3 stages.

The first stage of the demonstration consists in finding the part played by the free will of companies in their Compliance Obligation by putting an end to two confusions: the first which, within the Law of Contract and Tort itself but also within Compliance Law, splits and confuses "free will" and "consent", which would no longer require freely expressed acceptance; the second, specific to Compliance Law, which confuses "Compliance" and "conformity", reducing the former to mechanical obedience which could exclude any free Will.

Having clarified this, the rest of the study focuses on the 2 ways in which a company subject to a Compliance Obligation by compulsory regulations expresses a part of its free Will, which the study expresses in this proposed adage: Obligation upon Obligation is valid, since the legal obligation to which the company responds by the obedience owed by all those subject to the regulations may be superimposed by its free Will, which will then oblige it.

The first case of Obligation upon Obligation, studied in a second part, concerns the means by which the compulsory Compliance Obligation is implemented, the company subject to the Monumental Goals set by the Legislator remaining free to choose the means by which the company will contribute to achieving them. Its free Will will thus be exercised over the choice and implementation of the means. This can take two legal forms: Contracts on the one hand and "Commitments" on the other.

In the third part, the second case of Obligation upon Obligation, which is more radical, is that in which, in addition to Compliance's legal compulsory Obligation, the company draws on its free Will to repeat the terms of its legal Obligation (because it is prohibited from contradicting it), a repetition which can be far-reaching, because the legal nature (and therefore the legal regime) is changed. The judgment handed down by the The Hague Court of Appeal on 12 November 2024, in the so-called Shell case, illustrates this. What is more, the company's free Will can play its part in the Compliance Obligation by increasing the legal Obligation. This is where the alliance is strongest. The interpretation of the specific and diverses obligations that result must remain that of the Monumental Goals in a teleological application that gives coherence to the whole.

____

๐Ÿ”“read the developments belowโคต๏ธ

____

๐ŸŒfollow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn

๐ŸŒfollow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram

๐ŸŒsubscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 

๐ŸŒsubscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb

  1. On the definition of the contract as the emission of two obliged wills which, in a second stage, are tied together, here is the remarkable thesis of ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธGrégoire Forest, ๐Ÿ“—Essai sur la notion d'obligation en droit privé, 2012.
  2. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Remarques sur la distinction entre la volonté et le consentement en droit des contrats distinction entre la volonté et le consentement, 1995.
  3. For a list of the various compliance obligations, in particular those involving the obligation to obtain the consent of the person concerned, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  4. On the importance of this evidential dimension of the Compliance Obligation, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  5. C'est notamment l'opinion qu'en a Alain Supiot, qui développe de ce fait une hostilité à son égard (retrouver une référence... ; peut-être dans l'ouvrage qu'il a dirigé sur les entreprises et la mondailisation....).

    Sa critique s'accroît lorsque les normes ainsi internalisées n'ont plus même comme source l'Etat mais les entreprises elles-mêmes, sous couvert de RSE. V. 
  6. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  7. On this concept, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Monumental Goals, beating heart of Compliance Law, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Monumental Goals, 2023.
  8. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  9. It also has to do with the fact that they do not understand why such a cost is being imposed on them and not on others, why it is not up to States to carry out such a public service mission. It also has to do with the fact that compliance is presented to them as a punishment, even though they have done nothing and the tools are Ex Ante, that some present it as punishment for past crimes, such as colonisation, or as crimes they will always commit, such as international corruption, in a kind of recognition of the ‘born criminal’. It's true that this is hardly encouraging...

    All this is the result of an accumulation of confusions, notably between "regulations" and Law, between Compliance Law and conformity techniques... (see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงCompliance and conformity: distinguishing them to articulate them, 2024 and infra No. 00 et s.). The first part of this article aims to untangle these confusions.
  10. This question of the will of companies was approached from a specific angle, that of the confrontation of possible sources of action by companies with regard to systemic ambitions, either out of obedience to the orders of legislators and regulators, or out of ethical concern, or out of calculation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Will, Heart and Calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  11. This is why companies subject to a ‘duty of vigilance’ under the 2017 French law do not thereby become ‘debtors’. Presenting it in this way allows those who do so to present the performance of the legal obligation as performance not with regard to the law but with regard to persons who would be ‘creditors’ (since the companies would be ‘debtors’). This is no mere quibble, as the legal regime changes completely. Numerous organisations now present themselves as ‘creditors’ of the duty of vigilance, holding both procedural rights, claiming to be able to bring cases before special courts and ordinary courts on this basis, and substantive rights, claiming to be able to obtain enforcement, whereas the duty of vigilance refers to a system of liability, which presupposes proof of a breach, damage and a causal link.

    ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธMuriel Fabre-Magnan points to this confusion in liability actions : ๐Ÿ“Critique de la convergence des responsabilités contractuelle et délictuelle. L'exemple du devoir de vigilance (Criticism of the convergence of contractual and tortious liability. The example of duty of vigilance), in ๐Ÿ“—Mélanges en l'honneur du Professeur Loïc Cadiet, 2023.
  12. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  13. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Will, Heart and Calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  14. On the concept of ‘compliance structure’ and the resulting obligations to achieve results, whereas other compliance obligations are obligations of best efforts, see the classification made and the consequences drawn from it in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  15. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงCompliance contract, compliance clauses, 2022.
  16. See in this way ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงDuty of vigilance: the way forward, 2024.
  17. On the fact that the company's Compliance Obligation is mainly an evidential obligation, see the last part of the study ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025, No. 00 et s.

    More generally, on the evidential system and what it produces on the company subject to the Compliance Obligation, ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“The Judge, the Compliance Obligation and the Company. The Compliance Evidence System, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, 2024.
  18. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธF. Ancel, ๐ŸŽคFace au futur, la transformation de l’office du juge civil et commercial, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (coord.), Dans l’espace de justice, les pratiques juridictionnelles au service du futur, in Cour de cassation, Cycle de conférences "Penser les pratiques juridictionnelles au service d’un espace de justice", 21 novembre 2024, captation vidéo accessible à l'adresse : https://www.courdecassation.fr/agenda-evenementiel/dans-lespace-de-justice-les-pratiques-juridictionnelles-au-service-du-futur.
  19. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“•Les engagements dans les systèmes de régulation (Commitments in Regulatory Systems), 2006.
  20. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“•Les engagements dans les systèmes de régulation (Commitments in Regulatory Systems), 2006.
  21. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธH. Lécuyer, ๐Ÿ“Le contrat, acte de prévision, in ๐Ÿ“—Mélanges en hommage à François Terré. L'avenir du droit, 1999.
  22. retrouver dans l'ouvrage Les engagements dans les systèmes de régulation, une contribution qui met en valeur l'instabilité législateur (par rapport à l'aptitude d'un régulateur à s'engager).
  23. retrouver dans l'ouvrage Les engagements dans les systèmes de régulation, une contribution qui met en valeur l'instabilité législateur (par rapport à l'aptitude d'un régulateur à s'engager).
  24. On deontology, ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธD. Gutmann, ๐Ÿ“L'obligation déontologique entre l'obligation morale et l'obligation juridique, in Archives de Philosophie du Droit (APD), ๐Ÿ“—L'obligation, t. 44, Dalloz, pp. 115-127.
  25. On the conditions for classification as a ‘unilateral act of will’ and its effects, see ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM. Fabre-Magnan, ๐Ÿ“—Droit des obligations, t. 1 : Contrat et engagement unilatéral, 2021, p. 877 et seq., §117 et seq., which defines a ‘unilateral undertaking of will’ as "the manifestation of the will of a person expressing his intention to bind himself towards another" (p. 877, §117, free translation) and deduces 4 conditions for its validity: the formulation of an explicit promise, the intention of the author to be bound, the existence of an advantage for the beneficiary of the promise and the latter's legitimate belief in the undertaking. See also ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“What a commitment is, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  26. For example, in Competition Law, if the commitments taken by a company have legal effect, either in merger control or in proceedings for anti-competitive behaviour, this is not due intrinsically to the commitments themselves, but to the decision taken unilaterally by the Competition Authority which, taking into account this fact that these commitments constitute, decides, for example, to accept the merger or not to continue the proceedings for anti-competitive behaviour.
  27. Those who assert this are often the same ones who say that the law which obliges the company would make it a ‘debtor’. On this misunderstanding, which is perhaps deliberate, see supra No. 00 et seq.
  28. Sur l'insertion des dispositifs de vigilance dans la "politique générale des groupes", telle que le conçoit la CS3D, voir....
  29. remettre la date exacte, la référence et quelques commentaires du jugement.
  30. ๐Ÿ›๏ธGerechtshof Den Haag (La Haye Court of Appeal), 12 November 2024, No. 200.302.332/01, Shell Plc c/ Milieudefensie et a. ; ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM. Torre-Schaub, ๐Ÿ“Environnemental and Climate Compliance, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  31. Shell s'oblige à "prendre sa part dans la lutte contre le changement climatique néfaste" : je traduis ici en français ce qui est la traduction officielle en anglais par la Cour d'appel de La Haye de son arrêt rédigé en néerlandas (vérifier le texte anglais, merci)
  32. See contra ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธL. Dubin, ๐Ÿ“Tensions and contradictions between corporate due diligence instruments. From a due diligence process to the establishment of a standard of responsibility, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  33. On the criterion of ‘credible trajectory’, a central evidential concept, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025, No. 00 et s.
  34. V. not. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธA.-V. Le Fur, ๐Ÿ“Interest and “raison d’eฬ‚tre” of the Company: How Does It Fit Together with the Compliance Monumental Goals?, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Monumental Goals, 2023; ๐Ÿ“Corporate and Financial Markets Law facing the Compliance Obligation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  35. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธG. Teubner, ๐Ÿ“—Fragments constitutionnels. Le constitutionnalisme sociétal à l'ère de la globalisation, 2016 ; ๐Ÿ“L'auto-constitutionnalisation des entreprises transnationales ? Sur les rapports entre les codes de conduite "privés" et "publics" des entreprises, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธA. Supiot (ed.), ๐Ÿ“—L'entreprise dans un monde sans frontières. Perspectives économiques et juridiques, 2015.
  36. ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปH. Kelsen, ๐Ÿ“—Reine Rechtslehre (Théorie pure du droit), 1934.

    This is one of the essential points of opposition between Kelsen and Schmitt, since Kelsen bases the formal pyramid of norms on the ‘fundamental norm’, which is not at the disposal of the political power and must therefore be guarded by a jurisdictional body, whereas Schmitt conceives of the legal system as a system inhabited by the political and therefore hierarchically by the head of state, who ultimately disposes of it. Tragically, the opposition between the two ideas developed in Domestic Law; it also applies to International Law, where Kelsen developed his ideas after the Second World War. See, for example, ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปN. Zanon, ๐Ÿ“La polémique entre Hans Kelsen et Carl Schmitt sur la justice constitutionnelle, 1991.
  37. Contra, see for example Jean-Philippe Robé's well-documented article, ๐Ÿ“L'entreprise en droit, 1995, which develops the thesis that the company develops a legal order.
  38. On the Teleological nature of Compliance Law, ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงCompliance Law, 2016 ; ๐ŸšงBirths of a branch of Law: Compliance Law, 2024.
  39. On the very definition of this obligation, ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  40. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022.
  41. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Describing, Conceiving and Correlating Compliance Tools, in Order to Use Them Adequately, in ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Tools, 2021 ; ๐Ÿ“Compliance Monumental Goals, beating heart of Compliance Law, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Monumental Goals, 2022.
  42. The very purpose of this study is to draw up a picture of the diverse and sometimes seemingly contradictory technical compliance obligations, which must find their coherence and articulation in the context of a single, simple and clear Compliance Obligation, is the topic of the study: ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  43. On the fact that, unless there is a contract in which the company is involved, it does not owe a Compliance Obligation, the action against it for breach of its legal Compliance Obligation takes the form of a civil liability action which requires proof of a breach, damage and a causal link, see supra No. 00.
  44. See supra No. 31 et s.
  45. For a more detailed demonstration, ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงUse of private companies by Compliance Law to serve Human Rights, 2023.
  46. See in this way, voir dans ce sens, ๐Ÿ›๏ธConseil d'Etat (French Administrative Supreme Court) and the ๐Ÿ›๏ธCour de cassation (French Judicial Supreme Court), ๐Ÿ“—De la régulation à la compliance: quel rôle pour le juge ?, 2024.
  47. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“General Procedural Law Obligation, Prototype of the Compliance Obligation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  48. ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Training: Content and Container of Compliance, in ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Tools, 2021.
  49. For a description of this technological, managerial, economic and sociological phenomenon, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงHaving a good behavior in the digital space, 2019. 
  50. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Rights, primary and natural Compliance Tools, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Tools, 2021.
  51. On the historical dimension of Compliance Law, which explains in particular the fundamental differences that will persist between American, European and Asian Compliance Law, ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงCompliance: before, now, after, 2018; ๐ŸšงBirths of a branch of Law: Compliance Law, 2024.
  52. See infra No. 10 et s.
  53. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงWhat can Compliance Law build relying on the European Humanist Tradition, 2019.
  54. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธA. Supiot, ๐Ÿ“—The Spirit of Philadelphia: Social Justice vs. the Total Market, Verso Books, 2012, 160 p.
  55. See infra No. 20 et s.
  56. On the preconstitution of evidence, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM. A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025, No. 00 et s.
  57. Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications - so-called "ePrivacy Directive"). Proposal for a Regulation of the european Parliament and of the Council concerning the respect for private life and the protection of personal data in electronic communications and repealing Directive 2002/58/EC (Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications - so-called "ePrivacy Regulation").
  58. See infra No. 48 et s.
  59. See supra No. 5 et s.
  60. Le maniement et la portée de cette opération intellectuelle traverse les diverses branches du Droit. V. par ex. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธFr. Terré, ๐Ÿ“—L'influence de la volonté individuelle sur les qualifications, 1957 ; ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธJ. A. Salmon, ๐Ÿ“Quelques observations sur la qualification en droit international public, 1978 ; ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธI. Voulgaris, ๐Ÿ“Réflexion sur l'approche comparative de la qualification en droit international privé, 1999.
  61. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Definition of Proportionality and Definition of Compliance Law, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Monumental Goals, 2023
  62. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Why the Texts and Practices on Sustainability Reporting will give rise to Systemic Litigation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“•Contentieux Systémique Émergent, 2025.
  63. ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Systemic Articulation between Vigilance, Due Diligence, Conformity and Compliance: Vigilance, Total Share of the Compliance Obligation, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025.
  64. For more developments, see ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐ŸšงCompliance and conformity: distinguishing them to articulate them, 2024.
  65. For further developments on the impact of the confusion between ‘Compliance’ and ‘conformity’ on the definition of the Compliance Obligation, see the study on the very definition of the latter: ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM. A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Compliance Obligation: building a Compliance Structure that Produces Credible Results in terms of the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator, in ๐Ÿ•ด๏ธM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025, No. 00 et s.
  66. On the relevance of the Kelsenian perspective, see n°00.
  67. On the contrary, see ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM.-A. Frison-Roche, ๐Ÿ“Training: Content and Container of Compliance, in ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Tools, 2021.
  68. ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM. Séjean, ๐Ÿ“The Compliance Obligation in the Cybersecurity Field: a web of behavioural requirements to protect the System, in ๐Ÿ•ด๐ŸปM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), ๐Ÿ“˜Compliance Obligation, 2025
  69. F. Kafka, La colonie pénitentiaire (compléter la référence ; ajouter une ou deux anayses juridiques du texte, not. A. Supiot, F. Kafka, Artiste de la Loi...)
  70. Sur la distinction entre le Droit du climat et le Droit de l'environnement, et la spécificité du premier, v. Ch. Huglo, ..., in Les buts monumentaux....
  71. V. par ex.  J.-L. Lantoine et C. Chevalier, La servitude volontaire. Postérité, réappropriation et perspectives critiques, 2024.
  72. Voir la jurisprudence qui engage la responsabilité d'une société pour n'avoir pas exécuté son obligation légale de lutter contre le blanchiment d'argent, alors que ses concurrents ont exécuté leur obligation légale à ce titre, ce qui crée une situation de fait de concurrence déloyale : Com., ... (me retrouver l'arrêt et éventuellement le commentaire de celui-ci, merci).
  73. Sur l'articulation entre l'effectivité, l'efficacité et l'efficience, marquant les outils de la Compliance qui sont conçus et mis en pratique au regard des buts, v. mafr (citer un ou deux articles où j'explique le plus clairement cela....).
  74. V. par ex. F. Terré,..., Les obligations, Précis Dalloz , ....: "§1. Devoir moral et obligation juridique. A s'en tenir au domaine du droit, le mot obligation n'a pas non plus une signification unique. De manière générale, il désigne en effet tout ce que l'ordre juridique commande à une personne de faire, sans que corresponde nécessairement à l'obligation qui, passivement, pèse sur elle, un droit au profit d'un autre personne.  (c'est une citation de l'édition de 2019, est-ce que cela a changé depuis ?)
  75. mafr, .... (article dans les mélanges Pierre Godé)
  76. V. infra n°00.
  77. mettre les arrêts Schrems et un peu de commentaires, merci.
  78. mafr, première contribution in L'obligation de compliance
  79. Règlement (UE) 2024/1624 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 31 mai 2024 relatif à la prévention de l’utilisation du système financier aux fins du blanchiment de capitaux ou du financement du terrorisme
  80. D'une façon plus générale, mafr, La responsabilité Ex Ante, pilier du Droit de la Compliance,
  81. Sur la définition de l'entreprise comme un groupe de personnes réunies toujours d'un projet, v. A. Supiot, ..., in A. Supiot (dir.), L'entreprise.....

Fields, ,

Tags