Activities

Articles

💬Les notaires, agents d’effectivité de la compliance

🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  - ► Full reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Les notaires "agents d'effectivité de la compliance"", interview with  Sarah Bertone, Solution Notaire Hebdo, 9 February 2023. - 💬read the interview (in French) - ► Presentation of the interview by the journal (in French): "Souvent envisagée comme un ensemble des processus visant à s’assurer du respect de certaines réglementations et/ou valeurs éthiques par les professionnels, la compliance est aujourd’hui encore mal appréhendée. Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, professeur de droit, spécialisée en droit de la régulation et de la compliance, nous explique en quoi le notariat trouve pourtant toute sa place dans cette démarche." - ► Questions asked (in French):  Quelle conception de la compliance doit-on adopter pour être efficace ?  En quoi ces organisations sont-elles clés ? Concrètement, puisque ces organisations anciennes se révèlent si adéquates, ont-elles besoin de s’adapter ? Ne faudrait-il pas que ces professions se modifient ? -

Lessons

Teaching for the French National School for the Judiciary (Ecole nationale de la magistrature -ENM)

⚖️Compliance Law

🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn   🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  - ► Full Reference: Ancel, F. & Frison-Roche, M.A., Droit de la compliance ("Compliance Law", French National School for the Judiciary (Ecole nationale de la magistrature – ENM),  This teaching is given in French. - ► Presentation of the Teaching: The two-day session is designed for magistrates and practicing lawyers who are not necessarily specialized, to enable them, based on concrete cases, to understand the issues, objectives, and methods of compliance mechanisms in companies, including the increasing judicialization and the supranational dimension strengthen, modifying the office of the judge and the role of lawyers. The analysis is made from the angle of Civil Law (contract, tort), Company Law, Labor Law and Criminal Law, but also governance, financial markets, regulatory, climate and digital issues. - ► Organisation of the Teaching: this teaching is open to all judicial members and lawyers. Enrollments are made at the French National School for the Judiciary. -    

Conferences

🎤Compliance Law: Overview, in 🧮Compliance Law

🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  - ► Full Reference : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Droit de la compliance : Tour d'horizon" ("Compliance Law: Overview"), in Droit de la compliance (Compliance Law), French National School for the Judiciary (Ecole nationale de la magistrature – ENM), Paris, 2 February 2023. This conference is given in French. - 🧮See the full programme of this event - ► Presentation of the conference: Compliance Law is mysterious in itself, because it is still in creation, because its presence and power are felt, but it is difficult to grasp it. It is necessary, however, because it deals with the most important, even the most dramatic, facts and carries with it the greatest ambitions. Magistrates must also "make the effort" to participate in the "adventure of Compliance Law", because it affects, and even overturns, all subjects, and because the Prosecutor and the Judge play an increasing role in it. Because the purpose of this conference is to introduce the two days of a training course designed for magistrates and open to lawyers, it only provides an "overview" of, so that we do not get lost in the sprawling regulations, the global mechanisms and the political ambitions that permeate them. This is why, without going into any of the subjects, it is about opening up four ways of entering what is a branch of Law that is being born before our eyes: 1. Understanding Compliance Law through "regulations" 2. Understanding Compliance Law through "tools" 3. Understanding Compliance Law through "methods" 4. Understanding Compliance Law through "goals" The four approches are legitimate because the four dimensions are articulated in positive Law. But the more positive Law is consolidated, the more its normativity through the goals that give normativity, or even a simplicity without which the whole is not humanly controllable. These Goals are monumental and Europe bears them more and better than other areas of the world.   - 🚧See the slides used as a support of the presentation (in French) -

Organisation of events

🧱Co-organisation id the Course ENM 🧮Droit de la Compliance

► Full reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, co-organisation de la formation ENM Droit de la Compliance, co-organisé entre l'École nationale de la magistrature et le Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC), les 2 et 3 février 2023.  - ► General presentation of the course: The two-day session is designed for magistrates and practicing lawyers who are not necessarily specialized, to enable them, based on concrete cases, to understand the issues, objectives, and methods of compliance mechanisms in companies, including the increasing judicialization and the supranational dimension strengthen, modifying the office of the judge and the role of lawyers. The analysis is made from the angle of Civil Law (contract, tort), Company Law, Labor Law and Criminal Law, but also governance, financial markets, regulatory, climate and digital issues. - ► Brief bibliography:  M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023. ​M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Monumental Goals, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022. M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Compliance Tools, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2021. N. Borga, J.-Cl. Marin, J.-Ch. Roda (dir), Compliance : l'entreprise, le régulateur et le juge, coll. Régulations & Compliance, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2018. M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Pour une Europe de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2019. M.-A. Frison-Roche (dir.), Régulation, Supervision, Compliance, coll. "Régulations", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2017. - ► Will speak:  🎤François Ancel, Judge at the Première chambre civile de la Cour de cassation ( First civil chamber of the Court of Cassation) 🎤Guillaume Beaussonie, Professor at Toulouse 1 Capitole University  🎤Jean-François Bohnert, Procureur national financier  🎤Gilles Briatta, Group General Secretary of the Groupe Société Générale  🎤Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) 🎤Cécile Granier, senior lecturer at Jean-Moulin Lyon 3 University  🎤Jean-Michel Hayat, Premier Président honoraire de la Cour d'appel de Paris 🎤Christophe Ingrain, Avocat à la Cour  🎤Anne-Valérie Le Fur, Professor at Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University  🎤Stanislas Pottier, Senior Advisor to the General Management of Amundi 🎤Jean-Baptiste Racine, Professeur à l'Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris II) 🎤Juliette Thery, Membre du Collège de l'Arcom - Lire une présentation détaillée de la manifestation ci-dessous⤵️

Publication director

🏗️ copublishing and direction of the collection: 📚Régulations & Compliance

Publication of🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕 La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance

► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, série “Régulations & Compliance“, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2023, 490 p.  - ► This book in few words: Sanctions, controls, appeals, deals: judges and lawyers are everywhere in the Compliance mechanisms, creating unprecedented situations, sometimes without a solution yet available.  Even though Compliance was designed to avoid the judge and produce security by avoiding conflict. This jurisdictionalisation is therefore new. Forcing companies to prosecute and judge, a constrained role, perhaps against their nature. Leading to the adaptation of major procedural principles, with difficulty. Confronting arbitration with new perspectives. Putting the judge at heart, in mechanisms designed so that he is not there. How in practice to organize these opposites and anticipate the solutions? This is the challenge taken up by this book. - 📘 In parallel, the English version of this book, Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, is published in the series co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.  - 📅  This book comes after a  cycle of colloquia organised in 2021 by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its Academic Partners. -   This volume is the continuation of the books dedicated to Compliance in this collection. ► Read the presentations of the other books in the series: the following books: 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche and M. Boissavy (eds.), 📕Compliance et droits de la défense. Enquête interne – CJIP – CRPC, 2024 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕L’Obligation de Compliance, 2025 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Compliance et Contrat, forthcoming 🕴️L. Laref (ed.), 📕Compliance et vigilance bancaire, forthcoming 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Le système juridique de l’adressage de l’Internet. Une structure multi-acteurs, gage de durabilité (The Legal System of Internet Addressing. A Multi-Stakeholder Structure, the Pledge of its Sustainability), forthcoming 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Le système probatoire de la Compliance, forthcoming   the previous books: 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, 2022 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Les outils de la Compliance, 2021 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Pour une Europe de la Compliance, 2019 🕴️N. Borga, J.-Cl. Marin and J.-Ch. Roda (eds.), 📕Compliance : l’entreprise, le régulateur et le juge, 2018 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Régulation, Supervision, Compliance, 2017 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Internet, espace d’interrégulation, 2016 📕 Read the presentations of the other titles of the collection. - ► General presentation of the book: There have always been Judges and Lawyers in Compliance Law, because this branch of Law is an extension of Regulatory Law in which they have a core place. This results from the fact that the decisions taken in respect of Compliance are contestable in Court, including Arbitration, those issued by the Company, such as those of States or Authorities, the Judge in turn becoming what Compliance Law is effective. The novelty lies more in the phenomenon of “jurisdictionalisation”, that is the trial model penetrates all Compliance Law, and not only the Ex-Post part that it includes. Moreover, it seems that this jurisdictionalisation influences the non-legal dimension of Compliance. This movement has effects that must be measured and causes that must be understood. Advantages and disadvantages that must be balanced. If only to form an opinion vis-à-vis Companies that have become Prosecutors and Judges of themselves and others …: encourage this “Jurisdictionalisation of Compliance”, fight it, perhaps influence it? In any case, understand it! - 🏗️ General construction of this book: The book begins by a double Introduction, the first (in free access) summarizing the book, the second, substantial, relating to the need to reinforce the Judge and the Lawyer to impose the Compliance Law as a characteristic of the Rule of Law.  The first Part is devoted to what is specific to Compliance Law. of Compliance: the transformation of companies into Prosecutors and Judges of themselves, even of others. The second Part relates to Compliance general procedural Law, the procedure being the way between the dispute and the judgement.  The third Part continues this journey to the judge and aims to measure the influence of the reasoning and requirements of Compliance Law in dispute resolution methods where it was not, with some exceptions, present, but where it has a great future: Arbitration. Because trial and judicial decision are inseparable, because legal techniques and the Rule of Law should not be divided but compliance techniques could paradoxically be the weapon of their dissociation, because the power to judge and the procedures surrounding the latter must not be dissociated, because therefore Compliance mechanisms and the Rule of Law must be thought out and practiced then, the rise in power of one must be the sign of the rise in power of the other, and not the price of the ‘weakening of the Rule of Law, the fourth Part relates to the Judges in the Compliance mechanisms and culture.  -   DOUBLE INTRODUCTION 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Lignes de force de l’ouvrage La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance free access to the full text  🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Conforter le rôle du Juge et de l’Avocat pour imposer la Compliance comme caractéristique de l’État de Droit   I. L’ENTREPRISE INSTITUÉE PROCUREUR ET JUGE D’ELLE-MEME ET D’AUTRUI PAR LE DROIT DE LA COMPLIANCE (“THE COMPANY ESTABLISHED PROSECUTOR AND JUDGE OF ITSELF AND OTHERS BY COMPLIANCE LAW”) 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche,📝 Le “jugeant-jugé”. Articuler les mots et les choses face à l’éprouvant conflit d’intérêts  🕴️C. Granier, 📝Réflexions sur l’existence d’une jurisprudence des entreprises 🕴️L.-M. Augagneur, 📝La juridictionnalisation de la réputation par les plateformes 🕴️A. Bruneau, 📝L’entreprise juge d’elle-même : la fonction compliance dans la banque 🕴️J.-M. Coulon, 📝Le Droit de la Compliance dans le secteur d’activité de la construction et les contradictions, impossibilités et impasses auxquelles les entreprises sont confrontées 🕴️Lapp, Ch., 📝La compliance dans l’entreprise : les statuts du process 🕴️J. Heymann, 📝La nature juridique de la “Cour suprême” de Facebook 🕴️D. Latour, 📝Les enquêtes internes au sein des entreprises 🕴️A. Bavitot,  📝Le façonnage de l’entreprise par les accords de justice pénale négociée 🕴️S. Merabet, 📝La vigilance, être juge et ne pas juger   II. LE DROIT PROCESSUEL À L’OEUVRE DANS LE DROIT DE LA COMPLIANCE  (“GENERAL PROCEDURAL LAW IN COMPLIANCE LAW”) 🕴️N. Cayrol, 📝Des principes processuels en Droit de la Compliance 🕴️F. Ancel,📝Le principe processuel de compliance, un nouveau principe directeur du procès ? 🕴️B. Sillaman, 📝Secret professionnel et coopération : les leçons de procédure tirées de l’expérience américaine pour une application universelle 🕴️A. Linden, 📝Motivation et publicité des décisions de la formation restreinte de la Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) dans une perspective de compliance 🕴️S. Scemla,🕴️D. Paillot, 📝La difficile appréhension des droits de la défense par les autorités de contrôle en matière de compliance 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Ajuster par la nature des choses du Droit processuel au Droit de la Compliance   III. L’ARTICULATION DE LA COMPLIANCE ET DE L’ARBITRAGE INTERNATIONAL (“ARTICULATION BETWEEN COMPLIANCE LAW AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION”) 🕴️J.-B. Racine, 📝Compliance et Arbitrage. Essai de problématisation 🕴️E. Silva-Romero,🕴️R. Legru, 📝Quelle place pour la Compliance dans l’arbitrage d’investissement ? 🕴️C. Kessedjian, 📝L’arbitrage au service de la lutte contre la violation des droits de la personne humaine par les entreprises  🕴️M. Audit, 📝La position de l’arbitre en matière de compliance 🕴️J. Jourdan-Marques, 📝L’arbitre, juge ex ante de la compliance ? 🕴️E. Kleiman, 📝Les objectifs de la compliance confrontés aux acteurs de l’arbitrage 🕴️F.-X. Train, 📝Arbitrage et procédure parallèles exercées au titre de la compliance 🕴️Cl. Debourg, 📝La compliance au stade du contrôle des sentences arbitrales   IV. LE JUGE DANS LE DROIT DE LA COMPLIANCE (“THE JUDGE IN COMPLIANCE LAW”) 🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le juge, l’obligation de compliance et l’entreprise. Le système probatoire de la Compliance 🕴️J. Morel-Maroger, 📝La réception des normes de la compliance par les juges de l’Union européenne 🕴️S. Schiller, 📝Un juge unique en cas de manquement international à des obligations de compliance ? 🕴️O. Douvreleur, 📝Compliance et juge du droit 🕴️F. Raynaud, 📝Le juge administratif et la compliance 🕴️E. Wennerström, 📝Quelques réflexions sur la Compliance et la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb

Publication director

🏗️ direction of the collection: 📚Cours Dalloz – Série Droit privé

📚Publication of : 🕴️Philippe PÉTEL, 📕Procédures collectives (Insolvency Proceedings), 11th ed.

► Full Reference : Ph. Pétel, Procédures collectives (Insolvency Proceedings), 1st ed. 1996 – 11th ed., 2023, Dalloz, “Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé” Series, 281 p. - ► General presentation of the book (written in French) : The 11th edition of this reference textbook, one of whose many merits is its controlled length (281 airy, easy-to-read pages), presents this very technical subject by distinguishing first the opening of insolvency proceedings and then describing their course. Once considered shameful under the name of « bankruptcy law », the law of « insolvency proceedings » (procédures collectives) has been, since 1967, a law protecting the enterprise, aimed at preventing its difficulties, at its safeguard and its recovery, its liquidation and its sale being only the last resort. This concern has been further strengthened by the influence of economic theory. This Course is up to date with the ordinances of 15 September 2021 reforming the law of security interests and transposing the so-called Restructuring directive. - 📚In the same collection, see the Courses directly related to it : 🕴️V. Magnier, 📕Droit des sociétés (Company Law) 🕴️J.-B. Seube, 📕Droit des sûretés (Law of Security Interests) 📚See the entire collection, Cours Dalloz – Droit privé, based on a concept proposed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche in 1992, in which the book is published. -

Conferences

🎥The articulation between the part and the whole, in👫🏻Automated compliance: “the” solution or “a” solution?, in🧮Gaia-X Summit22, The Future is Gaia-X

🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  - ► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "The distinction between the part and the whole", contribution of the Chapter 2 of the third global Summit of Gaia-X, Chapter on Automated compliance: "the" solution or "a" solution?,  November 17, 2022, Paris. - This intervention took place in a panel moderated by🕴️Hubert Tardieu, Board of Direction Gaia-X, with: 🕴️Martine Gouriet, Board of Direction Gaia-X and Directrice des Usages numériques EDF – DSIG 🕴️Jakob Rehof, Chair, Software Engineering, Technical University Dortmund Faculty of Computer Science and Director Research Strategy, Fraunhofer-ISST 🕴️Joëlle Toledano, Conseil National du Numérique (CNNum), Chaire Gouvernance & Régulation (Université Dauphine) – Emeritus Professor - 🧮see  the Summit general programme programme - 🚧read the working paper, basis of this intervention. - 🎥 see this intervention and debate - 📝read the presentation of the intervention done in the GaiaX Global Summit of 2020 -  

Publication director

🏗️ direction of the collection: 📚Cours Dalloz – Série Droit privé

📚Publication of : 🕴️Dominique FENOUILLET, 📕Droit de la famille (Family Law), 5th ed.

► Full Reference : D. Fenouillet, Droit de la famille (Family Law), 1st ed. 1997 – 5th ed., 2022, Dalloz, “Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé” Series, 673 p. - ► General presentation of the book (written in French) : This textbook, up to date with the latest texts, is intended for all law students and all practitioners updating their knowledge of family law. Its first part deals with « couples » (married, divorced, unmarried), its second part being devoted to « the child » (filiation and status). Finally, a last part develops « the family beyond » (name, maintenance obligations and family property). - 📚See the entire collection in which the book is published. -

Conferences

🎤Audition as amica curiae by the Paris First Instance Civil Court, in summary proceedings, on the Compliance System and the place of the duty of vigilance in it

► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Audition as amica curiae by the Paris First Instance Civil Court, in summary proceedings, on the Compliance System and the place of the duty of vigilance in it, 26 October 2022 - The hearing was held in the presence of two other amici curiae, also appointed by the Court: Professors Jean-Baptiste Racine and Bruno Deffains. The hearing was requested by and on the initiative of the Paris First Instance Civil Court in connection with a dispute between associations and TotalEnergie, the former alleging breaches of due diligence by the latter, and the Court asking highly qualified individuals to shed light on the Compliance System and its implications. - 📝read the hearing report published on 27 October 2022 by Olivia Dufour (Actu-juridique) 📝read the article reporting on the hearing of 7 December 2022, representing the presentation of Compliance Law by MaFR, published on 7 December 2022 by Mathilde Golla (Les Echos) 📝read the article on the use of amicus curiae, starting with the use made in this case, published on 8 December 2022 by Nicolas Cayrol (Recueil Dalloz) - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR. Regulation, Compliance, Law

Videos

🎤Compliance Law in Entreprise: theory and practices, in 📅Notarial engineering

🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  - ► Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.A., La compliance en entreprise : aspects théoriques et pratiques, in 118ième Congrès des Notaires, L'ingénierie notariale, Marseilles, October 12, 2022.  This Masterclass is given in French. - ► English Presentation of this Masterclass: This two-hour Masterclass aims to introduce, regarding the role of the Notary in companies and vis-à-vis them, Compliance Law.  This discover of Compliance Law is built on a description of the new Compliance techniques of which companies are the object or the source (I) then, faced with such a mass of new standards, because this is incomprehensible and uncontrollable if these so many regulations are not "conceived", explain what can give meaning to this Compliance Law, namely the "Monumental Goals" which animate it and give it meaning (II). Like the Regulation Law that Compliance prolongs, Compliance Law is a teleological branch of law that requires that the application and interpretation of norms be done by these Monumental Goals. -   This Masterclass is given in French: see some technical references in English ⤵️

Publication director

🏗️ direction of the collection: 📚Cours Dalloz – Série Droit privé

📚Publication of : 🕴️Daniel MAINGUY, 📕Contrats spéciaux (Specific Contracts), 13th ed.

► Full Reference : D. Mainguy, Contrats spéciaux (Specific Contracts), 13th ed., 2022, Dalloz, “Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé” Series, 701 p. - ► General presentation of the book (written in French) : In this « Course » intended for students and practitioners alike, Daniel Mainguy sets out the technical rules specific to the various specific contracts, depending on whether they relate to a thing or to a service. For each specific contract, the book sets out the rules proper to it, drawn both from the French Civil Code and from the statutes specific to it, as well as from the case law that has accumulated on it. « Usual contracts » as much as « specific contracts », they reflect our whole life, from the most everyday (sale, loan, etc.) to the most sophisticated arrangements. - 📚See the entire collection in which the book is published. 📚In this collection, this book is more particularly related to the following books : 🕴️R. Cabrillac, 📕Droit des obligations (Law of Obligations) 🕴️J.-B. Seube, 📕Droit des sûretés (Law of Security Interests) 🕴️J.-D. Pellier, 📕Droit de la consommation (Consumer Law) 🕴️S. Piédelièvre, 📕Instruments de crédit et de paiement (Credit and Payment Instruments) 🕴️Ph. Pétel, 📕Procédures collectives (Insolvency Proceedings) -

Publication director

🏗️ direction of the collection: 📚Cours Dalloz – Série Droit privé

📚Publication of : 🕴️Michel VÉRON and 🕴️Guillaume BEAUSSONIE, 📕Droit pénal des affaires (Business Criminal Law), 13th ed.

► Full Reference : M. Véron and G. Beaussonie, Droit pénal des affaires (Business Criminal Law), 13th ed., 2019, Dalloz, “Cours Dalloz-Série Droit privé” Series, 739 p. - ► General presentation of the book (written in French) : In a renewed presentation, this textbook covers a subject characterised by the diversity of its sources. It stresses that this subject increasingly falls within economic law as much as within criminal law, which has an impact on the regime of the applicable rules and on the solutions adopted. Moreover, Business Criminal Law is today marked by a shift towards administrative sanctions, an increased international perspective and the forceful entry of Constitutional Law. - 📚See all the books of the same collection “Cours Dalloz – Série Droit privé“, and in particular : 📕Droit pénal général (General Criminal Law) 📕Procédure pénale (Criminal Procedure) 📕Droit pénal spécial (Special Criminal Law) -