Publications Related to the Philosophy, Theory and Sociology of Law

► Full reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, “Si l'heureux stratagème probatoire du Roi Salomon n'avait pas fonctionné (If King Solomon's probationary strategy hadn't worked)”, in Collective Book dedicated to Professor Pierre Crocq, Liber Amicorum, Lextenso - LGDJ, 2026, pp. 713-723. - 📝Read the article (in French) - 🚧Read the [lien a="if-king-solomons-probationary-strategy-hadnt-worke"]bilingual working document on which this article is based[/lien] - ► Introduction to the article: As renowned and significant in biblical scholarship as it is in legal culture and imagination, Solomon’s Judgement is a procedural measure, an evidential stratagem (I). But even a King cannot be certain of the success of an investigative measure that his authority allows him to impose; nothing guarantees the success of the evidential stratagem he has devised, that is to say, the discovery of the truth. The investigative measure he devised presupposes a maternal love that leads the woman – who might prefer to continue disputing – to choose instead not to keep the child and to leave him in a state of death, a mere inert prey to the claim of appropriation made by the plaintiff. It is the woman’s virtue that enables the Judge’s wisdom. The evidence stratagem might not have worked (II). This is scarcely considered, as King Solomon is always portrayed as wise and the mother as preferring the child to herself. But if we step outside the Book of Kings, where virtue reigns – that of the mother as well as that of the judge – to confront the passion of the woman who smothered her newborn in the night and now seeks the force of justice to seize the second, one might reflect, whilst wandering through the lobby of a courthouse, that it is all too often the case that adults put themselves before children. What if the second mother had put herself before the child? What would have happened if the judge’s order, already being carried out, had not been halted by the virtue of the defendant? (III). What would the King then have done to exercise his office as Judge justly, since the truth would not have been accessible to him? (IV). If one changes an element of the narrative, because justice is human, because passions drive the parties, because children are often the silent victims on both sides, is justice still possible? - 🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐Subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb 🌐Subscribe to the MaFR Law & Art Newsletter

► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakingsn", in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Compliance Obligation, Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant, [rubrique p="Responsabilités éditoriales > Direction de la collection Compliance & Regulation, JoRC et Bruylant"]"Compliance & Regulation"[/rubrique] Serie, 2026, forthcoming. - 📝read the article - 🚧read the [lien a="ce-a-quoi-oblige-un-engagement-dans-les-systemes-d"]bilingual Working Paper on the basis this article has been written, with more developments, technical references and hyperlinks[/lien] - 📘read a general presentation of the book, Compliance Obligation, in which this article is published - ► Summary of this article: The innocents might believe, taking the Law and its words literally, that "commitments" are binding on those who make them. Shouldn't they be afraid of falling into the trap of the 'false friend', which is what the Law wants to protect them from (as stated in the prolegomena)? Indeed, the innocent persons think that those who make commitments ask what they must do and say what they will do. Yet, strangely enough, the 'commitments' that are so frequent and common in compliance behaviours are often considered by those who adopt them to have no binding value! Doubtless because they come under disciplines other than Law, such as the art of Management or Ethics. It is both very important and sometimes difficult to distinguish between these different Orders - Management, Moral Norms and Law - because they are intertwined, but because their respective standards do not have the same scope, it is important to untangle this tangle. This potentially creates a great deal of insecurity for companies (I). The legal certainty comes back when commitments take the form of contracts (II), which is becoming more common as companies contractualise their legal Compliance Obligations, thereby changing the nature of the resulting liability, with the contract retaining the imprint of the legal order or not having the same scope if this prerequisite is not present. But the contours and distinctions are not so uncontested. In fact, the qualification of unilateral undertaking of will is proposed to apprehend the various documents issued by the companies, with the consequences which are attached to that, in particular the transformation of the company into a 'debtor', which would change the position of the stakeholders with regard to it (III). It remains that the undertakings expressed by companies on so many important subjects cannot be ignored: they are facts (IV). It is as such that they must be legally considered. In this case, Civil Liability will have to deal with them if the company, in implementing what it says, what it writes and in the way it behaves, commits a fault or negligence that causes damage, not only the sole existence of an undertaking.  -   - 🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐Subscribe to the video newsletter MAFR Overhang 🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Law & Art

  ► Full reference :[rubrique p="Présentation"] M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], "Fiction🎬The talks in the Town  : what can a law professor do about it?", article from the Newsletter Law & Art, December 2025. - 🎬Watch the trailer - ► Summary of this article : This 1942 film seems to have left little trace. However, the main character, an innocent man whom the villain manipulates into being designated as the culprit by the small town's population, leading him to behave like a guilty person, is played by Cary Grant. This film inspired lawyers even more. And even more so law professors, because it was a law professor, the dean of Harvard Law School, who saved the innocent man who had been caught in the trap. And even more so today, since it was by playing on rumours, by creating them from the outset, in what we would call disinformation, that the powerful villain intended to win and, in the process, become mayor of the town, after escaping bankruptcy by setting fire to his own factory, a crime he blames on the innocent man thrown to the wolves of public opinion as citizens gather in the square. It's almost as if we were there... - 🔓read the article below⤵️ - 🌐Follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐Subscribe to the video newsletter MAFR Overhang 🌐Subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Law & Art

► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique] (dir.), L'Obligation de Compliance, coll."[rubrique p='Responsabilités éditoriales > Direction de la collection "Régulations & Compliance", JoRC & Dalloz']Régulations & Compliance[/rubrique]", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2025, 816 p. - 📘 At the same time, a book in English, [lien a="publication-of-m-a-frison-roche-ed-compliance-obli"]Compliance Obligation[/lien][lien a="compliance-juridictionnalisation"],[/lien] is published in the collection copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Éditions Bruylant. - 📚This volume is one of a series of books devoted to Compliance in [rubrique p='Responsabilités éditoriales > Direction de la collection "Régulations & Compliance", JoRC & Dalloz']the series edited by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche[/rubrique]. - ► General presentation of this book: Compliance is sometimes presented as something that cannot be avoided, which is tantamount to seeing it as the legal obligation par excellence, Criminal Law being its most appropriate mode of expression. It is sometimes presented as something that the company does out of ethical concern, self-regulation which is the opposite of legal obligation. For the moment, therefore, there is no single vision of the Compliance Obligation. This is all the less the case because of the multitude of texts, themselves constantly evolving and changing, which inject such a wide range of compliance obligations that we give up trying to establish any unity, thinking that, on a case-by-case basis, we will define a regime and a legal constraint of greater or lesser strength, aimed at one subject or debtor or another, for the benefit of one or other. This lack of unity, due to the absence of a definition of the Compliance Obligation, makes the application of the texts difficult to foresee and therefore makes the Judge fearful, even though he/she is going to take on more and more importance. This book asks the practical questions: What is Compliance obliging? Who is obliged to comply? and How far are we obliged to comply? and provides answers, Compliance practices, constraints and innovations will be better mastered and anticipated by all those they affect: companies, stakeholders, technicians, lawyers, consultants, institutions and courts. - 🏗️general construction of this Book: The book opens with a double Introduction.  The first, which is freely accessible, consists of a summary of the book, while the second, which is substantial, deals with the unified conception that we can, and indeed should, have, of the "Compliance Obligation", without losing the concrete and active character that characterises this branch of law. The first Part of the book aims to define the Compliance Obligation. To this end, Chapter I deals with the Nature of this obligation. Chapter II deals with the Spaces of the Compliance Obligation. The Part II aims to articulate the Compliance Obligation with other branches of Law.  The Part III of the book looks at the way in which the possibility of obliging and the means of obliging are provided.  To this end, Chapter I deals with the Convergence of the Sources of the Compliance Obligation. Chapter II considers International Arbitration as a reinforcement of the Compliance Obligation. To this end, Chapter I deals with the Convergence of the Sources of the Compliance Obligation. Chapter II considers International Arbitration as a reinforcement of the Compliance Obligation.  The last Part of the book is devoted to Vigilance, the leading edge of the Compliance Obligation. Chapter I is devoted to a study of the various sectors, and analyses the Intensities of the Vigilance Obligation. Chapter II deals with the Variations in Tension generated by the Vigilance Obligation. Finally, Chapter III deals with the New Modalities of the Compliance Obligation, highlighted by the Vigilance Imperative. - TABLE OF CONTENTS    ANCRER LES OBLIGATIONS DE COMPLIANCE SI DIVERSES    DANS LEUR NATURE, LEURS REGIMES ET LEUR FORCE  POUR DEGAGER  L'UNITE DE L'OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE LA RENDANT COMPREHENSIBLE ET PRATIQUABLE  (ANCHOR COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS, SO DIVERSE  IN THEIR NATURE, THEIR REGIMES AND THEIR FORCE, TO BRING OUT THE UNITY OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION MAKING IT COMPREHENSIBLE AND PRACTICABLE) ♦️ [lien a="concevoir-lunicite-de-lobligation-de-compliance-sa"]Obligation de Compliance : construire une structure de compliance produisant des effets crédibles au regard des Buts Monumentaux visés par le Législateur (Compliance Obligation: building a compliance structure that produces credible results with regard to the Monumental Goals targeted by the Legislator)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche   TITRE I. CERNER L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE  (IDENTIFYING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION)   CHAPITRE I : LA NATURE DE L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE (THE NATURE OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION) Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="le-cur-et-le-calcul-in-m-a-frison-roche-dir-loblig"]La volonté, le cœur et le calcul, les trois traits cernant l'Obligation de Compliance  (Will, Heart and Calculation, the three traits encercling the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="la-dette-notion-economique-comme-fondement-de-lobl"]De la dette à l’obligation de compliance (From the Debt to the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Bruno Deffains Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="obligation-de-compliance-et-droits-humains-in-m-a-"]Obligation de Compliance et droits humains (Compliance Obligation and Human Rights)[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="les-mutations-de-la-souverainete-et-lobligation-de"]L'Obligation de Compliance et les mutations de la souveraineté et de la citoyenneté (Compliance Obligation and changes in Sovereignty and Citizenship)[/lien], by 🕴️René Sève Section 5 ♦️ [lien a="la-definition-de-lobligation-de-compliance-confron"]La définition de l''obligation de compliance confrontée au droit de la cybersécurité (The definition of the Compliance Obligation in Cybersecurity Law)[/lien] by🕴️Michel Séjean   CHAPITRE II : LES ESPACES DE L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE (SPACES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION) Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="entites-industrielles-et-obligation-de-compliance-"]Entités industrielles et Obligation de compliance (Industrial entities and Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Etienne Maclouf Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-dans-les-chaines-de-vale"]L'Obligation de Compliance dans les chaînes de valeur (The Compliance Obligation in Value Chains)[/lien], by 🕴️Lucien Rapp Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="compliance-et-conflits-de-lois-in-m-a-frison-roche"]Compliance et conflits de lois. Le droit international de la vigilance-conformité à partir de quelques applications récentes sur le continent européen (Compliance and conflict of laws. International Law of Vigilance-Conformity, based on recent applications in Europe)[/lien], by 🕴️Louis d'Avout    TITRE II. ARTICULER L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE AVEC DES BRANCHES DU DROIT (ARTICULATING THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION WITH BRANCHES OF LAW)   Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="droit-fiscal-et-obligation-de-compliance-in-m-a-fr"]Droit fiscal et obligation de compliance (Tax Law and Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Daniel Gutmann Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="le-droit-processuel-modele-de-lobligation-de-compl"]Le droit processuel, prototype de l'Obligation de Compliance (General Procedural Law, prototype of the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="le-droit-des-societes-et-des-marches-financiers-fa"]Le droit des sociétés et des marchés financiers face à l'Obligation de Compliance (Corporate and Financial Markets Law facing the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Anne-Valérie Le Fur Section 5 ♦️ Le rapport entre le Droit de la responsabilité civile et l'Obligation de Compliance (The link between Tort Law and Compliance Obligation), by 🕴️Jean-Sébastien Borghetti Section 6 ♦️ [lien a="dimensions-environnementales-et-climatiques-de-lob"]Dimensions environnementales et climatiques de l'Obligation de Compliance (Environmental and Climatic Dimensions of the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Marta Torre-Schaub Section 7 ♦️ [lien a="droit-de-la-concurrence-et-droit-de-la-compliance-"]Droit de la concurrence et Droit de la Compliance (Competition Law and Compliance Law)[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda Section 8 ♦️ [lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-en-droit-global-in-m-a-f"]L'Obligation de Compliance en Droit global (The Compliance Obligation in Global Law)[/lien], by 🕴️Benoît Frydman & 🕴️Alice Briegleb Section 9 ♦️ [lien a="juge-du-droit-des-entreprises-en-difficulte-et-obl"]Les juges du droit des entreprises en difficulté et les obligations de compliance (Judges of Insolvency Law and Compliance Obligations)[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Barbièri   TITRE III. COMPLIANCE : DONNER ET SE DONNER LES MOYENS D’OBLIGER (COMPLIANCE : GIVE AND TAKE THE MEANS TO OBLIGE)   CHAPITRE I : LA CONVERGENCE DES SOURCES (CONVERGENCE OF SOURCES) Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-entre-volonte-et-conse-3"]Obligation sur obligation vaut (Compliance Obligation on Obligation works)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="les-technologies-disponibles-prescrites-ou-proscri"]Les technologies disponibles, prescrites ou proscrites pour satisfaire Compliance et Vigilance (Technologies available, prescribed or prohibited to meet Compliance and Vigilance requirements)[/lien], by 🕴️Emmanuel Netter Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="contrainte-legale-et-strategie-des-entreprises-en-"]Contrainte légale et stratégie des entreprises en matière de Compliance (Legal Constraint and Company Strategies in Compliance matters)[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Philippe Denis & Nathalie Fabbe-Costes Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="la-loi-source-de-lobligation-de-compliance-in-m-a-"]La loi, source de l’Obligation de Compliance (The Law, source of the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Blanc Section 5 ♦️ [lien a="opposition-et-convergence-des-systemes-juridiques-"]Opposition et convergence des systèmes juridiques américains et européens dans les règles et cultures de compliance [/lien][lien a="opposition-et-convergence-des-systemes-juridiques-"]([/lien][lien a="opposition-et-convergence-des-systemes-juridiques-"]Opposition and Convergence of American and European Legal Systems in Compliance Rules and Cultures[/lien][lien a="opposition-et-convergence-des-systemes-juridiques-"])[/lien], by 🕴️Raphaël Gauvain & 🕴️Blanche Balian Section 6 ♦️ [lien a="ce-quest-un-engagement-in-m-a-frison-roche-dir-lob"]Ce à quoi les engagements engagent qu'est un engagement (What a )[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche   CHAPITRE II : L’ARBITRAGE INTERNATIONAL EN RENFORT DE L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE (INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN SUPPORT OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION) Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="larbitre-organe-indirect-et-direct-de-lobligation-"]Comment l'arbitrage international peut être un renfort de l'Obligation de Compliance (How International Arbitration can reinforce the Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Laurent Aynès Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="la-consideration-par-les-arbitres-des-obligations-"]La considération par l'Arbitrage de l'Obligation de Compliance pour une place d'arbitrage durable ([/lien][lien a="la-consideration-par-les-arbitres-des-obligations-"]Arbitration' consideration of Compliance Obligation for a Sustainable Arbitration Place)[/lien],  by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche  Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="lusage-de-larbitrage-international-pour-renforcer-"]L’usage de l’arbitrage international pour renforcer l’obligation de Compliance : l’exemple du secteur de la construction [/lien][lien a="lusage-de-larbitrage-international-pour-renforcer-"](The use of International Arbitration to reinforce the Compliance Obligation: the example of the construction sector)[/lien], by 🕴️Christophe Lapp Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="larbitre-juge-superviseur-accompagnateur-in-m-a-fr"]L’arbitre, juge, superviseur, accompagnateur  ? (The Arbitrator, Judge, Supervisor, Support)[/lien] , by 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine   TITRE IV. LA VIGILANCE, POINTE AVANCÉE DE L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE (VIGILANCE, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION) Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="la-vigilance-part-totale-de-lobligation-de-complia"]La Vigilance, pointe avancée et part totale de l'Obligation de Compliance (....)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche CHAPITRE I : LES INTENSITÉS DE L’OBLIGATION DE VIGILANCE, POINTE AVANCÉE DU SYSTÈME DE COMPLIANCE (INTENSITIES OF THE VIGILANCE OBLIGATION, SPEARHEAD OF THE COMPLIANCE SYSTEM) Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="intensite-vigilance-operateurs-financiers-in-m-a-f"]L’intensité de l’Obligation de Vigilance selon les secteurs : le cas des opérateurs financiers (Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Financial Operators)[/lien], by 🕴️Anne-Claire Rouaud Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="intensite-vigilance-operateurs-bancaires-et-dassur"]L’intensité de l’Obligation de Vigilance selon les secteurs : le cas des opérateurs bancaires et d’assurance (Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Banking and Insurance Operators)[/lien], by 🕴️Mathieu Françon Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="intensite-vigilance-operateurs-numeriques-in-m-a-f"]L’intensité de l’obligation de vigilance selon les secteurs : le cas des opérateurs numériques (Intensity of the Vigilance Obligation by Sectors: the case of Digital Operators)[/lien], by 🕴️Grégoire Loiseau Section 5 ♦️ [lien a="intensite-vigilance-operateurs-energetiques-in-m-a"]L’Obligation de vigilance des opérateurs énergétiques (The Vigilance obligation of Energy Operators)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie Lamoureux Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="tensions-dans-la-gouvernance-des-entreprises-conce"]Transformation de la gouvernance et obligation de Vigilance (Transformation of Governance and Vigilance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Véronique Magniermag   CHAPITRE II : LES DISPUTES AUTOUR DE L'OBLIGATION DE VIGILANCE, POINTE AVANCÉE DU SYSTÈME DE COMPLIANCE, DANS SON RAPPORT AVEC LA RESPONSABILITÉ Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="le-rapport-entre-le-droit-de-la-responsabilite-civ"]Le rapport entre le droit de la responsabilité civile et l'obligation de compliance[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Sébastien Borghetti Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="peut-on-repenser-la-responsabilite-a-laune-du-devo"]Repenser le concept de responsabilité civile à l’aune du devoir de vigilance, pointe avancée de la complianc[/lien]e [lien a="peut-on-repenser-la-responsabilite-a-laune-du-devo"](Rethinking the Concept of Civil Liability in the light of the Duty of Vigilance, Spearhead of Compliance)[/lien], by 🕴️Mustapha Mekki Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="tensions-et-contradictions-entre-les-instruments-r"]Tensions et contradictions entre les instruments relatifs à la vigilance raisonnable des entreprises[/lien], by 🕴️Laurence Dubin Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="compliance-et-responsabilite-civile-comprendre-et-"]Compliance, Vigilance et Responsabilité civile : mettre en ordre et raison garde (Compliance, Vigilance  and Civil Liability: put in order and keep the Reason)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche   CHAPITRE III : LES MODALITÉS NOUVELLES DE L'OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE, MISES EN LUMIÈRE PAR L'IMPÉRATIF DE VIGILANCE (NEW MODALITIES OF THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION, HIGHLIGHTED BY THE VIGILANCE IMPERATIVE) Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="contrats-et-clauses-mise-en-uvre-et-modalites-de-l"]Clauses et contrats, modalités de l’obligation de vigilance (Clauses and Contracts, terms and conditions of implementation of the Vigilance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Gilles J. Martin Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="la-preuve-de-la-bonne-execution-de-la-vigilance-au"]La preuve de la bonne exécution de la Vigilance au regard du système probatoire de Compliance (Proof that Vigilance has been properly carried out with regard to the Compliance Evidence System)[/lien], by 🕴️Jean-Christophe Roda   TITRE V. LE JUGE ET L'OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE (THE JUDGE AND THE COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION) Section 1 Section 1 ♦️ [lien a="devoir-de-vigilance-et-litiges-commerciaux-une-com"]Devoir de vigilance et litiges commerciaux : une compétence à partager ?[/lien], par 🕴️François Ancel Section 2 ♦️ [lien a="les-enjeux-presents-a-venir-de-larticulation-des-p"]Les enjeux présents à venir de l’articulation des principes de procédure civile et commerciale avec la logique de compliance (Present and Future Challenges of Articulating Principles of Civil and Commercial Procedure with the Logic of Compliance)[/lien], by 🕴️Thibault Goujon-Bethan Section 3 ♦️ [lien a="la-mediation-voie-davenir-pour-une-obligation-de-c"]Le juge de l’amiable et la compliance (The amicable settlement judge and compliance)[/lien], by 🕴️Malik Chapuis Section 4 ♦️ [lien a="le-juge-requis-pour-une-obligation-de-compliance-e"]Le Juge requis pour une Obligation de Compliance effective (The Judge required for an Effective Compliance Obligation)[/lien], by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche     L’OBLIGATION DE COMPLIANCE : VISION D’ENSEMBLE (COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION : OVERVIEW) ♦️ [lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-charge-portee-par-les-en"]L'obligation de compliance, charge portée par les entreprises systémiques donnant vie au Droit de la Compliance. - lignes de force de l'ouvrage (The Compliance Obligation, a burden borne by Systemic Companies giving life to Compliance Law - [/lien][lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-charge-portee-par-les-en"] [/lien][lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-charge-portee-par-les-en"]key points of the book[/lien] (free access) by 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐subscribe to the VideoNews  MAFR Surplomb 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Law & Art

► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], "La volonté, le cœur et le calcul, les trois traits cernant l'Obligation de Compliance" ("Will, Heart and Calculation, the three marks surrounding the Compliance Obligation"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), [lien a="lobligation-de-compliance"]L'Obligation de Compliance[/lien], Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, coll. "[rubrique p='Responsabilités éditoriales > Direction de la collection "Régulations & Compliance", JoRC & Dalloz']Régulations & Compliance[/rubrique]" 2025, pp. 49-65. - 📝read the article (in French) - 🚧[lien a="la-volonte-le-cur-et-le-calcul-les-trois-traits-de"]read the bilingual Working Paper on the basis this contribution has been built, with  more developments, technical references and hyperlinks. [/lien] - 📕read the general presentation of the book, [lien a="lobligation-de-compliance-2"]L'Obligation de Compliance[/lien], in which this article is published 📚see the general presentation of the series "[rubrique p='Responsabilités éditoriales > Direction de la collection "Régulations & Compliance", JoRC & Dalloz']Régulations & Compliance[/rubrique]" in which this book is published - ► English summary of this contribution : There is often a dispute over the pertinent definition of Compliance Law, but the scale and force of the resulting obligation for the companies subject to it is clear.  It remains difficult to define. First, we must not to be overwhelmed by the many obligations through which the Compliance Obligation takes shape, such as the obligation to map, to investigate, to be vigilant, to sanction, to educate, to collaborate, and so on. Not only this obligations list is very long, it is also open-ended, with companies themselves and judges adding to it as and when companies, sectors and cases require.  Nor should we be led astray by the distance that can be drawn between the contours of this Compliance Obligation, which can be as much a matter of will, a generous feeling for a close or distant other in space or time, or the result of a calculation. This plurality does not pose a problem if we do not concentrate all our efforts on distinguishing these secondary obligations from one another but on measuring what they are the implementation of, this Compliance Obligation which ensures that entities, companies, stakeholders and public authorities, contribute to achieving the Goals targeted by Compliance Law, Monumental Goals which give unity to the Compliance Obligation.  Thus unified by the same spirit, the implementation of all these secondary obligations, which seem at once disparate, innumerable and often mechanical, find unity in their regime and the way in which Regulators and Judges must control, sanction and extend them, since the Compliance Obligation breathes a common spirit into them.  In the same way that the multiplicity of compliance techniques must not mask the uniqueness of the Compliance Obligation, the multiplicity of sources must not produce a similar screen. Indeed, the Legislator has often issued a prescription, an order with which companies must comply, Compliance then often being perceived as required obedience. But the company itself expresses a will that is autonomous from that of the Legislator, the vocabulary of self-regulation and/or ethics being used in this perspective, because it affirms that it devotes forces to taking into consideration the situation of others when it would not be compelled to do so, but that it does so nonetheless because it cares about them. However, the management of reputational risks and the value of bonds of trust, or a suspicious reading of managerial choices, lead us to say that all this is merely a calculation. Thus, the contribution sets out to identify the Compliance Obligation by recognising the role of all these different sources. It emphasises that, in monitoring the proper performance of technical compliance obligations by Managers, Regulators and Judges, insofar as they implement the Compliance Obligation, it is pointless to limit oneself to a single source or to rank them abruptly in order of importance. The Compliance Obligation is part of the very definition of Compliance Law, built on the political ambition to achieve these Monumental Goals of preserving systems - banking, financial, energy, digital, etc. - in the future, so that human beings who cannot but depend on them are not crushed by them, or even benefit from them. This is the teleological yardstick by which the Compliance Obligation is measured, and with it all the secondary obligations that give it concrete form, whatever their source and whatever the reason why the initial standard was adopted. In order to define Compliance's Obligation, the study endeavours to recognise the contribution of all these three sources: Will, Heart and Calculation.   - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Droit & Art

► Full reference: [rubrique p="Presentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], « La Justice en marbre. Dans l'église San Carlo de Noto, si on lève les yeux, la Justice est là, regardant la Prudence, la Force et la Tempérance » (Justice in Marble. In the Church of San Carlo in Noto, if you look up, Justice is there, gazing at Prudence, Fortitude and Temperance), article in the Newsletter Droit & Art, October 2025 (written in French). - 🌐Read the publication of this article in the Newsletter MaFR Droit & Art (in French): click here - 🗺️read a general presentation of the Sicilian town of Noto - ► Summary of the article: In the Church of San Carlo in the town of Noto, in Sicily, a group of statues brings together Justice, holding the scales, her eyes unbandaged, who looks straight ahead at the statue of Prudence, bending towards a child who looks up at her. On either side of Justice stand Fortitude, with an eagle at her feet, and Temperance, carrying a very heavy bag. To contemplate the four virtues, which support one another, one must first climb the many steps leading to the building and then, once inside, take the time to look up, for they have been placed high above, far from the noise of passers-by. - 🔓read the article (in French) on the French page of this presentation - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Droit & Art

► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], If King Solomon's probationary strategy hadn't worked, Working Paper, October 2025. - 📝 This Working Paper is the basis of the [lien a="si-lheureux-stratageme-probatoire-du-roi-salomon-n"]article published in 2026 in the collective book dedicated to Professor Pierre Crocq[/lien]. - ► Summary of this Working Paper:  As renowned and significant in biblical scholarship as it is in legal culture and imagination, Solomon’s Judgement is a procedural measure, an evidential stratagem (I). But even a King cannot be certain of the success of an investigative measure that his authority allows him to impose; nothing guarantees the success of the evidential stratagem he has devised, that is to say, the discovery of the truth. The investigative measure he devised presupposes a maternal love that leads the woman – who might prefer to continue disputing – to choose instead not to keep the child and to leave him in a state of death, a mere inert prey to the claim of appropriation made by the plaintiff. It is the woman’s virtue that enables the Judge’s wisdom. The evidence stratagem might not have worked (II). This is scarcely considered, as King Solomon is always portrayed as wise and the mother as preferring the child to herself. But if we step outside the Book of Kings, where virtue reigns – that of the mother as well as that of the judge – to confront the passion of the woman who smothered her newborn in the night and now seeks the force of justice to seize the second, one might reflect, whilst wandering through the lobby of a courthouse, that it is all too often the case that adults put themselves before children. What if the second mother had put herself before the child? What would have happened if the judge’s order, already being carried out, had not been halted by the virtue of the defendant? (III). What would the King then have done to exercise his office as Judge justly, since the truth would not have been accessible to him? (IV). If one changes an element of the narrative, because justice is human, because passions drive the parties, because children are often the silent victims on both sides, is justice still possible?   - 🔓read the developments below⤵️ - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law 🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb / Overhang 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MaFR Droit & Art

► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], Compliance and conformity: distinguishing them to articulate them, Working Paper, February 2024. - 📝 this working paper was drawn up to serve as a basis for the [lien a="compliance-et-conformite-les-distinguer-pour-les-a"]article published in French in the Chronique MAFR -  Compliance Law, published in the Recueil Dalloz[/lien].   - ► Summary of this Working Paper: The words "conformité" and "compliance" are sometimes used interchangeably, presenting "conformité" as the translation into good legal French vocabulary of "compliance", which would come from the American system. This is not true, however, because each of these terms refers to two distinct and even opposing concepts.  "conformity"' would require companies to show that they are actively obeying all the 'regulations' applicable to them, regardless of their content. "Compliance Law" is a new substantial branch of Law that derives its normativity from the "Monumental Goals" targeted by the political and public authorities: these monumental goals are intended to ensure that systems do not collapse in the future (Negative Monumental Goals), or even improve (Positive Monumental Goals). The systems concerned are banking, finance, energy, health, transport, digital and climate systems. The scope of Compliance Law is therefore both much more limited and more ambitious. Distinguishing between the two allows us to put conformity back where it belongs, as a tool of Compliance Law. As such, conformity justifies the collation and correlation of information, with the algorithmic system playing a major role in this. On the other hand, the human concern that underpins Compliance Law justifies making training and the actions of in-house lawyers, attorneys and judges, central to it. The evidentiary system of Compliance that is currently being developed is based on evidentiary techniques rooted on the one hand in the tool of conformity and on the other in the culture of Compliance, which can be articulated as soon as they are no longer confused. -   🔓read the working paper below⤵️ - 🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law

► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakings, June 2024. - 📝 This Working Paper is the basis for the contribution "In Compliance Law, the legal consequences for Entreprises of their commitments and undertakings", in📘[lien a="publication-of-m-a-frison-roche-ed-compliance-obli"]Compliance Obligation[/lien]. - ► Summary of this Working Paper: The innocents might believe, taking the Law and its words literally, that "commitments" are binding on those who make them. Shouldn't they be afraid of falling into the trap of the 'false friend', which is what the Law wants to protect them from (as stated in the prolegomena)? Indeed, the innocent persons think that those who make commitments ask what they must do and say what they will do. Yet, strangely enough, the 'commitments' that are so frequent and common in compliance behaviours are often considered by those who adopt them to have no binding value! Doubtless because they come under disciplines other than Law, such as the art of Management or Ethics. It is both very important and sometimes difficult to distinguish between these different Orders - Management, Moral Norms and Law - because they are intertwined, but because their respective standards do not have the same scope, it is important to untangle this tangle. This potentially creates a great deal of insecurity for companies (I). The legal certainty comes back when commitments take the form of contracts (II), which is becoming more common as companies contractualise their legal Compliance Obligations, thereby changing the nature of the resulting liability, with the contract retaining the imprint of the legal order or not having the same scope if this prerequisite is not present. But the contours and distinctions are not so uncontested. In fact, the qualification of unilateral undertaking of will is proposed to apprehend the various documents issued by the companies, with the consequences which are attached to that, in particular the transformation of the company into a 'debtor', which would change the position of the stakeholders with regard to it (III). It remains that the undertakings expressed by companies on so many important subjects cannot be ignored: they are facts (IV). It is as such that they must be legally considered. In this case, Civil Liability will have to deal with them if the company, in implementing what it says, what it writes and in the way it behaves, commits a fault or negligence that causes damage, not only the sole existence of an undertaking.  - 🔓read the developments below ⤵️ - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb

► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], Births of a branch of Law: Compliance Law, Working Paper, November 2023. - 📕This Working Paper was drawn up as a basis for a [lien a="naissance-dune-branche-du-droit-le-droit-de-la-c-2"]contribution to the collective book given to Professor Louis Vogel[/lien], published in 2024 - ► Summary of this Working Paper: The study looks at the various movements that have given birth to Compliance Law, with particular emphasis on Competition Law. After a preliminary reflection on the construction of the legal system into branches of Law, their classification in relation to each other, the difficulty encountered in this respect by Economic Law, and the various movements that give birth to one of them, the diversity of which the branch subsequently keeps track of, the study is constructed in 4 parts. To find out what gave rise to Compliance Law, the first part invites us to reject the narrow perspective of a definition that is content to define it by the fact of "being conform" with all the applicable regulations. This has the effect of increasing the efficacy of the regulations, but it does not produce a branch of Law, being just a set of tools like others. The second part of the study aims to shed some light on what appears to be an "enigma", as it is often claimed that this is the result of a soft method, or of an American political decision, or of as many regulations as there are occasions to make. Instead, it appears that in the United States, in the aftermath of the 1929 crisis, it was a decision of establishing an authority and rules to prevent another atrocious collapse of the system, while in Europe in 1978, in memory of the use of files of personal and racial information, it was a question of establishing an authority and rules to prevent an atrocious attack on human rights. A common element that aims for the future ("never again") but not the same object of preventive rejection. This difference between the two births explains the uniqueness and diversity of the two Compliance Laws, the tensions that can exist between the two, and the impossibility of obtaining a global Law. The third part analyses the way in which Competition Law has given rise to conformity: a secondary branch which is a guarantee of conformity with competition rules. Developed in particular through the soft law issued by the competition authorities, the result is a kind of soft obedience, a well-understood collaboration of the procedural type through which the firm educates, monitors and even sanctions, without leaving  the cercle of Competition Law, of which conformity is an appendix. The distance between a culture of conformity and the substantial Compliance Law can be measured here. The fourth part aims to show that Competition Law and Compliance Law are two autonomous and articulated branches of Law. Since Compliance Law is a branch of Law built on Monumental Goals, in particular the sustainability of systems and the preservation of the human beings involved so that they are not crushed by them but benefit from them, the current challenge of European integration is to build the pillar of Compliance Law alongside the competitive pillar. Jurisdictions are in the process of doing this and of linking the two.   - 🔓read the Working Paper below⤵️ - 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on Instagram 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law  🌐subscribe to the Video Newsletter MAFR Surplomb

🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn 🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law - ► Full Reference: [rubrique p="Présentation"]M.-A. Frison-Roche[/rubrique], Conditions required to promote the "contractualisation" of the Law, Working Paper, June 2023. - 🎤This Working Paper has been done as a basis for the [lien a="favoriser-ou-pas-la-contractualisation-du-droit-in"]closing conference[/lien] of the colloquia La contractualisation du droit. Acte II, organised by the Société de législation comparée (SLC) and the Procuradoria Geral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PGE-RJ), on 19, 20 and 21 June 2023. - 📝It is also the basis of the article [lien a="les-conditions-requises-pour-favoriser-la-contract"]"Les conditions requises pour favoriser la "contractualisation" du droit" ("Conditions required to promote the "contractualisation" of Law")[/lien], published in the book 📗[lien a="la-contractualisation-du-droit-approches-francaise"]La contractualisation du droit. Approches françaises et brésiliennes (Contractualisation of Law. French and Brazilian approaches)[/lien]. - ► English Summary of the Working Paper :  - 🔓read the Working Paper⤵️