Food for thoughts
Sept. 22, 2022
Interviews
♾️suivre Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
♾️s'abonner à la Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Focus sur les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance", entretien avec Marina Brillié, Dalloz - Actu Étudiants, 22 septembre 2022.
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💬 Lire l'entretien sur le site
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► Présentation de l'entretien par le journal : "Décrire et concevoir ses Buts Monumentaux permet d’anticiper un Droit de la Compliance, toujours plus puissant, encadrant et encadré ». Alors que vient de paraître le livre essentiel pour appréhender ce qui régule et codifie par charte, mais aussi ce qui passe par les accords internationaux et les contrats, pour lutter contre la corruption ou la haine en ligne, comme pour favoriser la protection des données personnelles ou la bonne gestion des risques, nous avons la chance d’interviewer celle qui a proposé cette notion de « buts monumentaux » de la Compliance dès 2016, la coéditrice et directrice scientifique de la série Régulations & Compliance, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, agrégée des Facultés de Droit, directrice du Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)."
► Questions posées :
- Pourquoi définir des buts monumentaux à la Compliance ?
- Quel pourrait être le rôle du principe de proportionnalité dans la réalisation de ces Buts ?
- En quoi la concurrence et la Compliance sont-elles liées ?
- Comment aborder la Compliance sur les territoires européens ?
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Sept. 21, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : A Evolução do Direito no século XXI. Seus princípios e valores: ESG, Liberdade, Regulação, Igualdade e Segurança Jurídica. Homenagem ao Professor Arnoldo Wald, vol. 2, Direito Privado, São Paulo, Editora IASP, 2022, 1998 p.
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📗lire le sommaire de l'ouvrage
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► Résumé de l'ouvrage (fait par l'éditeur) : "A presente obra reúne artigos de juristas e de alguns amigos do Professor Arnoldo Wald, abrangendo Ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e outros magistrados, assim como professores das Faculdades de Direito, árbitros e advogados tanto nacionais como estrangeiros.
O livro abrange os mais diversos assuntos nos campos do Direito Privado e do Direito Público. Inclui também a republicação de alguns estudos de autores que não puderam apresentar a sua contribuição, mas que, em outras ocasiões, se manifestaram a respeito dos trabalhos do homenageado.
A obra é composta também por Prefácios e Apresentações dos diversos livros do Professor Wald, que testemunharam, durante 70 anos, a sua atividade cultural e profissional.".
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📝lire une présentation de l'article de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche "Compliance, the new legal way for human values: towards an Ex Ante Responsibility"
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Sept. 21, 2022
Publications
🌐follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
🌐subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Compliance, the new legal way for human values: towards an Ex Ante Responsibility", in Evolução do Direito no século XXI. Seus princípios e valores: ESG, Liberdade, Regulação, Igualdade e Segurança Jurídica. Homenagem ao Professor Arnoldo Wald, vol. 2, Direito Privado, São Paulo, Editora IASP, 2022, pp. 977-983
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► Summary of the article: For the first time, the future is the first question for the Humanity. The classical legal conception of Tort Law concerns the Past, the philosophical conception of Hans Jonas, a Responsability for the Future, an Ex-Ante Responsability must become a legal notion.
Traditionally, the Legislator takes decision for the Future and the Judges takes ones for the Past, but now in front of the possible disparition of human beings on this planet, global and catastrophic perspective, all legal perspectives need to be used, breaking the classical repartition, in the priority of the future. To do something, the Responsability must be put on everyone in a legal force, not only on the classical subject of Law and because of past behaviors, but because the operators, States, firms, or individuals, are "in position" to do so.
This new "Ex-Ante Responsability" is an essential part of the Compliance Law, very new branche of Law, with an extraterritorial effect, to find immediate and active solutions for the future. Because the issue is global, international Arbitration is in position to apply the conception, because international arbitrators are the global judges.
This new conception of legal Ex-Ante Responsability, declared by courts, expressed human values, such as the concerns for the others, in concordance withe the humanist tradition of European and American Law, Compliance being not at all to obey regulations but to concretise an alliance a Monumental Goal, here for the preservation of human beings in the future, and the powers and the legal duties of corporate and people to do so.
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Sept. 20, 2022
Interviews
► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "La raison d'être est avant tout une notion juridique", entretien in Notariat, La journée de la Raison d'Etre,
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📚Lire le numéro complet dans lequel s'insère l'entretien.
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🎥Regarder l'intervention en vidéo de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche à la journée du Conseil Supérieur du Notariat sur la Raison d'être.
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Sept. 15, 2022
Conferences
► Full Reference: Frison-Roche, M.A., Régulation et Compliance, expression des missions d'un Ordre, in📅 Ordre des Géomètres-experts, Une profession face aux défis de la société, Le Havre, September 15, 2022.
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📅 read the general of the manifestation de la manifestation (in French)
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🎥watch the one-minute video summarizing the twenty-minutes intervention (in French)
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🚧 read English Presentation of the Working Paper which has been the basis of this conference
► English Summary of this intervention: Professional orders should not present themselves as exceptions, however legitimate they may be, in relation to a principle, which would be the competitive system, but as the expression of a principle. This principle is expressed by two branches of Law whose importance is constantly growing in European Law, liberal branches which are based on the conception of economic life and the definition of company, turned towards the future: the Regulatory Law and Compliance Law, two branches of Law both related and distinct.
Indeed, and this is the topic of the first part, Competition Law conceives professional orders as exceptions since these "corporations" constitute structural agreements. French domestic legal system both consolidates the professional orders by backing them up to the State, which would sub-delegate its powers to them, but involves them in the questioning by the European Union of the States and their tools. Most often the temptation is then to recall with a kind of nostalgia the times when the professional orders were the principle but, except to ask for a restoration, the time would be no more.
A more dynamic approach is possible, in accordance with the more general evolution of Economic Law. Indeed, the Professional Order is the expression of a profession, a little-exploited concept in Economic Law, over which the Order exercises the function of "Second-level Regulator", the public authorities exercising the function of "First-level Regulator". The Banking and Financial Regulatory Law is built in this way and operates thank to that, at national, European, and global level. This is what should be linked.
The Professional Orders therefore have the primary function of spreading a "Culture of Compliance" among the professionals they supervise and beyond them (clients and stakeholders). This culture of Compliance is developed regarding the missions which are concretized by the professionals themselves.
Therefore, the second part of the Working Paper deals with the legal evolution of the notion of "Mission" which has become central in Economic and General Law, through the technique of the mission-based company. However, there are multiple points of contact between the raison d'être, the company with a mission and Compliance Law as soon as the latter is defined by the concrete and overly ambitious goals that it pursues. : the Monumental Goals.
Each structure, for example the French Ordre des Géomètres-Experts, is legitimate to set the Monumental Goal that it pursues and that it inculcates, in particular the conception of territory and the living environment, joining what unites all the Monumental Goals of Compliance: concern for others. The French Ordre des Géomètres-Experts, is adequate because it has a more flexible relationship, both tighter and broader, with the territory than the State itself.
By instilling this in professionals, the Professional Order develops in the practitioner an "ex ante responsibility", which is a pillar of Compliance Law, constituting both a charge and a power that the practitioner exercises, and of which the Professional Order must be the supervisor.
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► to go further ⤵️
- Frison-Roche, M.-A., 📘Compliance Monumental Goals, 2021
- Frison-Roche, M.-A., 💻Appliquer la notion de "Raison d'être" à la profession du Notariat, 2021
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Sept. 15, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
Référence complète : O. Dion et A. Pons, Data de confiance. Le partage des données, clé de notre autonomie stratégique, rapport pour le think tank Digital New Deal, sept. 2022, 47 p.
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Sept. 7, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Référence complète : G. Lhuilier, "La proposition de directive européenne sur le devoir de vigilance des entreprises en matière de durabilité", RDAI/IBLJ, n°5, 2022, p. 423-452.
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► Résumé de l'article :
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Sept. 6, 2022
Public Auditions
🌐suivre Marie-Anne Frison-Roche sur LinkedIn
🌐s'abonner à la Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Référence complète : M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Europe, Compliance et Professions", intervention devant le bureau du Comité de Liaison des Institutions ordinaires (CLIO), 6 septembre 2022.
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Cette présentation d'une quinzaine de minutes a ensuite donné lieu à un échange avec les membres du Bureau du CLIO.
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► Résumé de la présentation : La perspective ici proposée est de partir non pas du schéma du marché concurrentiel, repris par le Droit de la concurrence, par rapport auxquels les professions et les ordres ont toujours dès le départ et définitivement statut d'exceptions, mais de partir - dans une vision paradoxalement moins juridique et plus concrète - de l'Europe telle qu'elle s'était construite à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et qu'elle se construit de nouveau.
I. LE PROJET POLITIQUE DE L'EUROPE : À COTE DE L'EUROPE DE LA CONCURRENCE, L'EUROPE DE LA RÉGULATION
La Régulation n'est en rien l'exception (qui serait en outre logée au niveau des Etats-membre) du Droit de la concurrence (qui serait en outre logée au niveau du Droit de l'Union), la concurrence écrasant doublement la Régulation, en ce qu'elle serait le seul principe (le principe prévalant sur l'exception) et qu'elle serait au-dessus dans la hiérarchie des normes.
Cela n'est pas vrai.
Il faut donc partir de l'Europe.
L’Europe est une idée politique, construite avec des moyens juridiques. C'est ainsi que Monnet l'avait conçu et c'est de nouveau que la Commission européenne la conçoit (voir par exemple ce qu'en dit Thierry Breton).
Au sortir d'une catastrophe, il s'est agi de construire l'Europe, conçue comme une communauté d’êtres humains (valeurs communes, groupe social fluide).
Pour cela, il fallait trouver les bons instruments juridiques, pour (re)créer ces valeurs communes : faire que les échanges se réalisent avec des règles juridiques "positives" (CECA, collaborations pour faire des rails) et des règles juridiques « négatif » (abattre les frontières ; prohibition des comportements anticoncurrentiels et prohibition des aides d’Etat, prohibition qui n’existe nulle pas ailleurs).
Puis en premier lier la Commission européenne, la Cour de justice, voire les Etats-membres ont « oublié » la construction positive et on n’a gardé que la construction négative : le vide concurrentiel (qui a des mérites, notamment en ce qu'il exprime la liberté), dont tout devait sortir ; en second lieu, on a pris l’instrument pour le but.
C'est ainsi que le Droit de la concurrence, en tant qu'il est une branche du Droit économique, est entièrement guidé par sa finalité, mais il a pour objet la concurrence : la téléologie a pour objet une fin qui ne lui est pas extérieure, c’est une « tautologie ».
L’Europe a changé, par le choc des crises successives depuis 2008, avec la crise financière et bancaire ; depuis 2020 avec la crise sanitaire ; depuis 2022 avec la crise climatique qui s’annonce.
C'est une opportunité (la crise est aussi une opportunité, parce qu'elle prise les idées de départ, fait de la place pour d'autres).
La téléologie européenne n’est plus tautologie ; la concurrence y retrouve sa place. Le système demeure celui d'une économie libérale mais la DG Concurrence ne résume plus la Commission européenne : l’Europe – y compris la Commission européenne – n’a plus pour seule fin la concurrence. La crise étant un souci majeur, car l'Europe a compris qu'elle était mortelle, le Droit a pour finalité de permettre à l'Europe de survivre (notamment face à la Chine : elle a pour fin d’être « durable » : de ne pas disparaître.
Cela a pris notamment forme dans l'Union bancaire, qui a pour but simple d'exclure la disparition de l'Europe.
Mais cela vaut aussi pour l'Europe de la communication des personnes et des biens. Voir par exemple la proposition le 7 juillet 2022 d’aides d’Etat sur les transports pour faire une Europe des transports avec des infrastructures publiques.
Voir aussi la naissance de la « gouvernance-énergie », signant la fin de la suprématie l’esprit de la directive de 2016 sur « l’ouverture à la concurrence » comme seul principe, nouant l'énergie et l'environnement, prolongeant la Régulation par la Supervision, c'est-à-dire avant tout l'Industrie. Or, dans une perspective à ce point concrète, là où il y a de l'industrie il y a des personnes ayant des savoirs-faire : des professionnels.
La crise de 2020 accélère la naissance de l’Europe de la Santé ; à partir du vaccin.
La DG Connect exprime volonté de construire un écosystème numérique européen : Europe des données, à la fois marchand, industriel et protecteur des personnes (Digital Markets Act ; Digital Services Act ; Governance Data Act ; Chip Act), initialement construit par le Juge européen (jugement de la CJUE Google Spain 2014).
Dans chaque perspective, il y a la fixation par les Autorités politiques européenne d'un « but monumental », à la fois propre à un secteur mais aussi commun à tous, et tous se regroupent autour d’une volonté proprement européenne : la protection des êtres humains.
L'Avenir de l'Europe est ainsi dans l'émergence de l'Europe de la Régulation.
La question qui se pose alors est : comment atteindre ces Buts ainsi politiquement posés ?
Car la distance est grande entre la volonté exprimée et la concrétisation de ces buts (affaire de "plan" et de "transition").
II. POUR CONSTRUIRE L'EUROPE SOUVERAINE : l'ACTION DES PROFESSIONS, ENTITÉS EN POSITION D'ATTEINDRE LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX
L’Europe de la Régulation, ainsi constituée, est, surtout avec l'enjeu des données (économie de l'information, industrie des données, souveraineté européenne), entre les mains des entreprises et de l'industrie, laquelle ne se pense pas en-dehors des professionnels.
La CJUE appuie le mouvement.
Mais comment la mettre en œuvre :
Le politique (la Commission européenne, les gouvernements nationaux, etc.) va rechercher des alliances, le Droit de la Compliance prolongeant le Droit de la Régulation et mettant en alliance les Autorités publiques (dont l'État n'est qu'un exemple) et les "entités en position de le faire".
Pour les institutions européennes, ces "entités en position d'agir" sont :
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- Les Etats membres
- Les entreprises cruciales, les entreprises publiques,
- Les ordres correspondent à cette définition
L'Europe se construit ainsi actuellement et à l’avenir sur deux piliers : Concurrence d’une part et Régulation et Compliance d’autre part.
- Ne pas se penser comme une exception (même légitime) au principe de concurrence
- Se penser comme un opérateur crucial contribuant à l'expression du second pilier de la construction européenne
- Donner à voir sa contribution structurelle à la construction de l’Europe, telle qu’elle se dessine
- Proposer son aide dans ce sens
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► pour aller plus loin ⤵️
- M.-A. Frison-Roche, 🎤 Régulation et Compliance, expression des missions d'un Ordre, 2022
- M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Les buts monumentaux de la Compliance,2022
- M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Les outils de la Compliance, 2021
- M.-A. Frison-Roche, 💻Appliquer la notion de "Raison d'être" à la profession du Notariat, 2021
- M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📕Avocats et Ordres au 21ième siècle, 2017
- M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Déontologie et discipline des professions libérales, 1998
Sept. 5, 2022
Publications
🌐 follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
🌐 subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, Compliance contract, compliance clauses, working paper, September 2022.
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►Summary of this working paper: Compliance Law has multiplied obligations. However, although Tort Law is emerging in Compliance issues and contracts are multiplying in practice, for the moment the relationship between Compliance Law and Contract Law is not very visible (I).
However, there are contracts whose sole purpose is to give concrete form to Compliance, which creates a specific contract and must influence its implementation (II). Moreover, there is much to learn from the diversity of compliance stipulations scattered throughout a wide range of contracts (III).
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🔓read the developments below⤵️
Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: A. Le Goff, "La part des banques dans la concrétisation des buts monumentaux de la compliance" ("The banks' part in achieving the Compliance Monumental Goals"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 69-75.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): As the head of a banking group, the question is whether compliance requirements and techniques put companies "under pressure" or whether these obligations represent an opportunity for them, the former not excluding the latter. The author shows that the entire banking sector is under pressure from regulations that express the aim of Monumental Goals, the complexity coming from the fact that these evolve over time, sometimes making it difficult to comply with them. Within this general framework, the author shows that a mutual bank such as Crédit Mutuel Arkéa has great opportunities, since these Monumental Goals resonate not only with its social responsibility, particularly in a context of crisis, but also with what is, for Arkéa, its "raison d'être". Regulation thus supports the Group's operations and it's identity.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Editorial responsibilities : Direction of the collection "Regulations & Compliance", JoRC & Dalloz
♾️ follow Marie-Anne Frison-Roche on LinkedIn
♾️ subscribe to the Newsletter MAFR Regulation, Compliance, Law
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance (Compliance Monumental Goals), coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, 520 p.
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📘In parallel, the English version of this book, Compliance Monumental Goals, is published in the collection co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.
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📅This book comes after a cycle of colloquia 2021 organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)and its Universities partners.
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This volume is the continuation of the books dedicated to Compliance in this collection.
📚Read the other books' presentations of the collection about Compliance:
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance, 2023
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Les outils de la Compliance, 2021
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Pour une Europe de la Compliance, 2019
🕴️N. Borga, 🕴️J.-Cl. Marin &🕴️J.-Ch. Roda (ed.), 📕Compliance : l'Entreprise, le Régulateur et le Juge, 2018
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), 📕Régulation, Supervision, Compliance, 2017
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.),📕 Internet, espace d'interrégulation, 2016
📚Read the presentations of the other titles of the collection.
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► General presentation of the book: Seize Compliance by its mind: its Monumental Goals. The notion of "monumental goals" of Compliance was proposed in 2016 by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche📎
Compliance Monumental Goals are targeted ex ante by regulations, contracts, CSR, and international treaties. Creating an alliance between business and political authorities, aiming for a new form of sovereignty. The presence in litigation of these Monumental Goals of global dimension renews the responsibilities and the Judge office. Describing and conceiving these Monumental Goals makes it possible to anticipate Compliance Law, which is more powerful every day.
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🏗️General construction of the book : The book opens with a double Introduction, the first summarizing the book (in free access) and the second, more substantial, proposing the Monumental Goals as definition of Compliance Law putting them at its "beating heart", giving this new branch of law its originality and specificity, explaining what, in the History of the United States and Europe, gave birth to this singular corpus and justifies a substantial definition of Compliance Law. The concept of Monumental Goals is explained, justifying both systemic and political nature of Compliance Law, the practical consequences of which legal specific rules are thus better identified and limited, since Compliance Law does not lead to all-obedience. We can then determine what we can expect from this Law of the Future that is Compliance Law.
From there, the book unfolds in 5 titles.
A first Title is devoted to the "radioscopy" of this notion, in itself and branch of Law by branch of Law.
A second Title aims to measure how the Monumental Goals are questioned by a crisis, for example in a health situation, but not in that example, if they aggravate it and must be discarded, or if, on the contrary, they are exactly conceived for this hypothesis. of crisis, risks, catastrophes and that it is advisable to exploit them, in order, in this "test", to benefit from the alliance between the political authorities, public powers and crucial operators.
Once made explicit and tested, the Monumental Goals must find a sure way to be considered. Therefore a third Title aims to measure in principle and in practice how the Proportionality method can help the integration of Compliance, thus giving a new dimension to the Law without dragging it into insecurity and illegitimate grabbing of powers.
But because Compliance Monumental Goals express a very great ambition, the question of a bearable, even beneficial relationship with the international competitiveness of companies, standards and systems must be opened. This is the object of the fourth Title.
Finally, because the Monumental Goals express by nature a new ambition of the Law in a world which must not give up in what could be the prospect of its abyss, the fifth Title has for object the relationship between the Monumental Goals of Compliance and Sovereignty.
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► Understand the book through the Table of Contents and the summaries of each article:
DOUBLE INTRODUCTION
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Résumé de l'ouvrage Les buts monumentaux du droit de la compliance (free access : click here to read this article (in French))
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux, cœur battant du Droit de la Compliance
I. LA NOTION DE BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ("THE IDEA OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS")
🕴️R.-O. Maistre, 📝Quels buts fondamentaux pour le régulateur dans un paysage audiovisuel et numérique en pleine mutation ?
🕴️A.V. Le Fur, 📝Intérêt et raison d’être de l’entreprise : quelle articulation avec les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance ?
🕴️A. Le Goff, 📝La part des banques dans la concrétisation des Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance
🕴️J.-F. Vaquieri,📝Les "Buts Monumentaux" perçus par l'entreprise. L'exemple d'Enedis
🕴️M. Malaurie-Vignal, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux du droit du marché. Réflexion sur la méthode
🕴️D. de La Garanderie, 📝Sur les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance sociale
🕴️C. Peicuti & 🕴️J. Beyssade, 📝La féminisation des postes à responsabilité dans les entreprises comme But de la Compliance. Exemple du secteur bancaire
🕴️I. Gavanon, 📝Le droit des données personnelles dans l’économie numérique à l’épreuve des Buts Monumentaux
🕴️B. Petit, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux du droit (européen) des relations de travail : un système mouvant aux équilibres à consolider
🕴️G. Beaussonie, 📝Droit pénal et Compliance font-ils système ?
🕴️Ch. Huglo, 📝À quelles conditions le Droit climatique pourrait-il constituer un But Monumental prioritaire ?
II. MISE EN OEUVRE DES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE EN ARTICULATION DU PRINCIPE MAJEUR DE LA PROPORTIONNALITÉ ("IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS IN ARTICULATION OF THE MAJOR PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY")
🕴️L. Rapp, 📝Conformité, proportionnalité et normativité
🕴️B. Bär-Bouyssière, 📝Les obstacles pratiques à la place effective de la proportionnalité dans la Compliance
🕴️A. Mendoza-Caminade, 📝Compliance, proportionnalité et évaluation
🕴️L. Meziani, 📝Proportionnalité en Compliance, garant de l’ordre public en entreprise
🕴️M. Segonds, 📝Compliance, proportionnalité et sanction
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Définition du principe de proportionnalité et définition du Droit de la Compliance
III. LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ÉPROUVÉS PAR LES SITUATIONS DE CRISES ("THE COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS TESTED BY CRISIS SITUATIONS")
🕴️A. Oumedjkane, A. Tehrani et P. Idoux, 📝Normes publiques et Compliance en temps de crise : les Buts Monumentaux à l'épreuve. Éléments pour une problématique
🕴️J. Bonnet, 📝La crise, occasion de saisir la Compliance comme mode de communication des autorités publiques
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Place et rôle des entreprises dans la création et l'effectivité du Droit de la Compliance en cas de crise
IV. EFFECTIVITÉ DES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ET COMPÉTITIVITÉ INTERNATIONALE ("EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS")
🕴️B. Deffains, 📝L’enjeu économique de compétitivité internationale de la Compliance
🕴️F. Marty, 📝L'apport des programmes de conformité à la compétitivité internationale : une perspective concurrentielle
🕴️S. Lochmann, 📝Les agences de notation ESG et l'effectivité de la Compliance face à la compétitivité internationale
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Appréciation du lancement d'alerte et de l'obligation de vigilance au regard de la compétitivité internationale
V. LA COMPLIANCE PORTÉE PAR LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX, NOUVELLE VOIE DE SOUVERAINETÉ ("COMPLIANCE SUPPORTED BY MONUMENTAL GOALS AND NEW WAY OF SOVEREIGNTY")
🕴️R. Bismuth, 📝Compliance et souveraineté : relations ambigües
🕴️L. Benzoni, 📝Commerce international, compétitivité des entreprises et souveraineté : vers une économie politique de la Compliance
🕴️M.-A. Boursier, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance : mode d'expression des États
🕴️S. Pottier, 📝Pour une Compliance européenne, vecteur d'affirmation économique et politique
🕴️Ch. André, 📝Souveraineté étatique, souveraineté populaire : quel contrat social pour la Compliance ?
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le principe de proximité systémique active, corollaire du renouvellement du principe de souveraineté par le Droit de la Compliance
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M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Le droit de la compliance", 2016
Sept. 1, 2022
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Les Buts Monumentaux, cœur battant du Droit de la Compliance" ("Monumental Goals, beating heart of Compliance Law"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 21-44.
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📝read the article (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article: Compliance Law can be defined as the set of processes requiring companies to show that they comply with all the regulations that apply to them. It is also possible to define this branch of Law by a normative heart: the "Monumental Goals". These explain the technical new legal solutions, thus made them clearer, accessible and anticipable. This definition is also based on a bet, that of caring for others that human beings can have in common, a universality.
Through the Monumental Goals, appears a definition of Compliance Law that is new, original, and specific. This new term "Compliance", even in non-English vocabulary, in fact designates a new ambition: that a systemic catastrophe shall not be repeated in the future. This Monumental Goal was designed by History, which gives it a different dimension in the United States and in Europe. But the heart is common in the West, because it is always about detecting and preventing what could produce a future systemic catastrophe, which falls under "negative monumental goals", even to act so that the future is positively different ("positive monumental goals"), the whole being articulated in the notion of "concern for others", the Monumental Goals thus unifying Compliance Law.
In this, they reveal and reinforce the always systemic nature of Compliance Law, as management of systemic risks and extension of Regulation Law, outside of any sector, which makes solutions available for non-sector spaces, in particular digital space. Because wanting to prevent the future (preventing evil from happening; making good happen) is by nature political, Compliance Law by nature concretizes ambitions of a political nature, in particular in its positive monumental goals, notably effective equality between human beings, including geographically distant or future human beings.
The practical consequences of this definition of Compliance Law by Monumental Goals are immense. A contrario, this makes it possible to avoid the excesses of a "conformity law" aimed at the effectiveness of all applicable regulations, a very dangerous perspective. This makes it possible to select effective Compliance Tools with regard to these goals, to grasp the spirit of the material without being locked into its flow of letters. This leads to not dissociating the power required of companies and the permanent supervision that the public authorities must exercise over them.
We can therefore expect a lot from such a definition of Compliance Law by its Monumental Goals. It engenders an alliance between the Political Power, legitimate to enact the Monumental Goals, and the crucial operators, in a position to concretize them and appointed because they are able to do so. It makes it possible to find global legal solutions for global systemic difficulties that are a priori insurmountable, particularly in climate matters and for the effective protection of people in the now digital world in which we live. It expresses values that can unite human beings.
In this, Compliance Law built on Monumental Goals is also a bet. Even if the requirement of "conformity" is articulated with this present conception of what Compliance Law is, this conception based on Monumental Law is based on the human ability to be free, while conformity law supposes more the human ability to obey.
Therefore Compliance Law, defined by the Monumental Goals, is essential for our future, while conformity law is not.
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Updated: Sept. 1, 2022 (Initial publication: Nov. 4, 2021)
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Appréciation du lancement d'alerte et de l'obligation de vigilance au regard de la compétitivité internationale" ("Assessment of whistleblowing and of the obligation of vigilance with regard to international competitiveness"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 413-436.
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📝read the article (in French)
____
🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
____
📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► English summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): Taking up the legal tools of Compliance and confronting them with the concern that Law must have for the Competitiveness of companies, it is necessary that these legal instruments not harm it because Compliance Law, because of its immense ambitions, can only function through an alliance between political wills with great pretensions (save the planet) and the entities which are able to achieve these goals (the crucial economic operators : the political drawing on the compagnies" power, it would be contradictory for the legal instruments put in place by Law to harm the ability of companies to face global economic competition, or worse to favor international competitors acting under legal systems which do not integrate Compliance obligations.
From this principle, it is possible to assess these two legal techniques of whistleblowing and vigilance obligation: both consist in capturing Information, which gives them a strong uniqueness and fits them into the global competition for Information.
Taking the whistleblowing, its first beneficiary is the company itself since the firm discovers a weakness and can therefore remedy it. Therefore, beyond the principle of protection of the whistleblower by their access to the legal statute, for instance the one conceived by the French 2016 law known as "Sapin 2", it is questionable that all the incentives are not put in place so that the holder of such information transmits it to the manager. It is not the European solution, even after the European Directive of 2019, national legal systems continuing to require the absence of financial compensation, the "heroic figure of the whistleblower and the refusal of their remuneration depriving the company of Information and improvement. First to the manager, with external transmission taking place if the latter does nothing, the internal manager is thus encouraged to act and put an end to the dysfunction, which increases the competitiveness of the company.
But the French legislation has on the contrary developed the right incentive as to the person to whom the information is transmitted because by obliging to transmit first to the manager, the external transmission intervening if the internal management does nothing, the incentive is thus made to the internal manager to act and put an end to the dysfunction, this legal solution increasing the competitiveness of the company.
Even more, and even if it seems counter-intuitive, the obligation of vigilance increases the competitiveness of the obliged companies. Indeed, Law by obliging them to prevent and fight against violations of human rights and the environment has tacitly given them all the necessary powers to do so, notably the power to collect Information on third-party companies, including (and even above all) those which are not subject to transparency obligations. In this respect, companies, as far as they are personally responsible, hold supervisory power over others, a power which allows to globalize Compliance Law and which, in the process, increases the Companies' own power. Therefore, the obligation of vigilance is in many respects a boon for the companies which are subject to it. The resumption of the mechanism by the next European Directive, itself indifferent to the territory, will only strengthen this global power of vigilant companies over possibly foreign companies which become its passive subjects.
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Updated: Sept. 1, 2022 (Initial publication: April 13, 2022)
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: N. Sudres, "Gel hydroalcoolique, Covid-19 et Compliance. Des insuffisances de la démarche de conformité à l’émergence d’îlots de compliance" ("Hydroalcoholic gel, Covid-19 and Compliance. From inadequacies of the conformity approach to the emergence of islands of Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 307-337.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done par the Author): During the Covid-19 Crisis, managing the manufacture, prices, and availability of hydro-alcoholic gel, a key product in the fight against Covid-19 transmission, provides an issue to measure both the limits and resources of Compliance Law.
While the Culture of "conformity" with the Antitrust Law was insufficient to counter the surge in the issue of the prices of hydro-alcoholic gels and masks, implying the use of tools that seem the opposite of Compliance by State (such as price fixation and requisitioning), mechanisms inspired by them have been put in place to deal with other problems linked to the availability of Essential Goods in times of Health Crisis.
It remains in question whether these mechanisms should inspire the conception of stable Compliance Standards in the future.
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Sept. 1, 2022
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance (Compliance Monumental Goals), coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, 520 p.
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📘In parallel, the English version of this book, Compliance Monumental Goals, is published in the collection co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.
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📅This book comes after a cycle of colloquia 2021 organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)and its Universities partners.
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📚This volume is one of the books dedicated to Compliance in the collection Régulations & Compliance: read the presentations of the other titles of this collection.
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► General presentation of the book: Seize Compliance by its mind: its Monumental Goals. The notion of "monumental goals" of Compliance was proposed in 2016 by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche📎
Compliance Monumental Goals are targeted ex ante by regulations, contracts, CSR, and international treaties. Creating an alliance between business and political authorities, aiming for a new form of sovereignty. The presence in litigation of these Monumental Goals of global dimension renews the responsibilities and the Judge office. Describing and conceiving these Monumental Goals makes it possible to anticipate Compliance Law, which is more powerful every day.
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🏗️General construction of the book: The book opens with a double Introduction, the first summarizing the book (in free access) and the second, more substantial, proposing the Monumental Goals as definition of Compliance Law putting them at its "beating heart", giving this new branch of law its originality and specificity, explaining what, in the History of the United States and Europe, gave birth to this singular corpus and justifies a substantial definition of Compliance Law. The concept of Monumental Goals is explained, justifying both systemic and political nature of Compliance Law, the practical consequences of which legal specific rules are thus better identified and limited, since Compliance Law does not lead to all-obedience. We can then determine what we can expect from this Law of the Future that is Compliance Law.
From there, the book unfolds in 5 titles.
A first Title is devoted to the "radioscopy" of this notion, in itself and branch of Law by branch of Law.
A second Title aims to measure how the Monumental Goals are questioned by a crisis, for example in a health situation, but not in that example, if they aggravate it and must be discarded, or if, on the contrary, they are exactly conceived for this hypothesis. of crisis, risks, catastrophes and that it is advisable to exploit them, in order, in this "test", to benefit from the alliance between the political authorities, public powers and crucial operators.
Once made explicit and tested, the Monumental Goals must find a sure way to be considered. Therefore, a third Title aims to measure in principle and in practice how the Proportionality method can help the integration of Compliance, thus giving a new dimension to the Law without dragging it into insecurity and illegitimate grabbing of powers.
But because Compliance Monumental Goals express a very great ambition, the question of a bearable, even beneficial relationship with the international competitiveness of companies, standards and systems must be opened. This is the object of the fourth Title.
Finally, because the Monumental Goals express by nature a new ambition of the Law in a world which must not give up in what could be the prospect of its abyss, the fifth Title has for object the relationship between the Monumental Goals of Compliance and Sovereignty.
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► Understand the book through the Table of Contents and the summaries of each article:
DOUBLE INTRODUCTION
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Résumé de l'ouvrage Les buts monumentaux du droit de la compliance (free access : click here to read this article (in French))
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux, cœur battant du Droit de la Compliance
I. LA NOTION DE BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ("THE IDEA OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS")
🕴️R.-O. Maistre, 📝Quels buts fondamentaux pour le régulateur dans un paysage audiovisuel et numérique en pleine mutation ?
🕴️A.V. Le Fur, 📝Intérêt et raison d’être de l’entreprise : quelle articulation avec les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance ?
🕴️A. Le Goff, 📝La part des banques dans la concrétisation des Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance
🕴️J.-F. Vaquieri,📝Les "Buts Monumentaux" perçus par l'entreprise. L'exemple d'Enedis
🕴️M. Malaurie-Vignal, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux du droit du marché. Réflexion sur la méthode
🕴️D. de La Garanderie, 📝Sur les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance sociale
🕴️C. Peicuti & 🕴️J. Beyssade, 📝La féminisation des postes à responsabilité dans les entreprises comme But de la Compliance. Exemple du secteur bancaire
🕴️I. Gavanon, 📝Le droit des données personnelles dans l’économie numérique à l’épreuve des Buts Monumentaux
🕴️B. Petit, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux du droit (européen) des relations de travail : un système mouvant aux équilibres à consolider
🕴️G. Beaussonie, 📝Droit pénal et Compliance font-ils système ?
🕴️Ch. Huglo, 📝À quelles conditions le Droit climatique pourrait-il constituer un But Monumental prioritaire ?
II. MISE EN OEUVRE DES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE EN ARTICULATION DU PRINCIPE MAJEUR DE LA PROPORTIONNALITÉ ("IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS IN ARTICULATION OF THE MAJOR PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY")
🕴️L. Rapp, 📝Conformité, proportionnalité et normativité
🕴️B. Bär-Bouyssière, 📝Les obstacles pratiques à la place effective de la proportionnalité dans la Compliance
🕴️A. Mendoza-Caminade, 📝Compliance, proportionnalité et évaluation
🕴️L. Meziani, 📝Proportionnalité en Compliance, garant de l’ordre public en entreprise
🕴️M. Segonds, 📝Compliance, proportionnalité et sanction
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Définition du principe de proportionnalité et définition du Droit de la Compliance
III. LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ÉPROUVÉS PAR LES SITUATIONS DE CRISES ("THE COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS TESTED BY CRISIS SITUATIONS")
🕴️A. Oumedjkane, A. Tehrani et P. Idoux, 📝Normes publiques et Compliance en temps de crise : les Buts Monumentaux à l'épreuve. Éléments pour une problématique
🕴️J. Bonnet, 📝La crise, occasion de saisir la Compliance comme mode de communication des autorités publiques
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Place et rôle des entreprises dans la création et l'effectivité du Droit de la Compliance en cas de crise
IV. EFFECTIVITÉ DES BUTS MONUMENTAUX DE LA COMPLIANCE ET COMPÉTITIVITÉ INTERNATIONALE ("EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS")
🕴️B. Deffains, 📝L’enjeu économique de compétitivité internationale de la Compliance
🕴️F. Marty, 📝L'apport des programmes de conformité à la compétitivité internationale : une perspective concurrentielle
🕴️S. Lochmann, 📝Les agences de notation ESG et l'effectivité de la Compliance face à la compétitivité internationale
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Appréciation du lancement d'alerte et de l'obligation de vigilance au regard de la compétitivité internationale
V. LA COMPLIANCE PORTÉE PAR LES BUTS MONUMENTAUX, NOUVELLE VOIE DE SOUVERAINETÉ ("COMPLIANCE SUPPORTED BY MONUMENTAL GOALS AND NEW WAY OF SOVEREIGNTY")
🕴️R. Bismuth, 📝Compliance et souveraineté : relations ambigües
🕴️L. Benzoni, 📝Commerce international, compétitivité des entreprises et souveraineté : vers une économie politique de la Compliance
🕴️M.-A. Boursier, 📝Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance : mode d'expression des États
🕴️S. Pottier, 📝Pour une Compliance européenne, vecteur d'affirmation économique et politique
🕴️Ch. André, 📝Souveraineté étatique, souveraineté populaire : quel contrat social pour la Compliance ?
🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le principe de proximité systémique active, corollaire du renouvellement du principe de souveraineté par le Droit de la Compliance
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🕴️M.-A. Frison-Roche, 📝Le Droit de la compliance, 2016.
Sept. 1, 2022
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► Full Reference: M.-A. Frison-Roche, "Définition du principe de proportionnalité et définition du Droit de la Compliance" ("Definition of the Proportionality principle and definition of Compliance Law"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 245-271.
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📝read the article (in French)
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🚧read the bilingual Working Paper which is the basis of this article, with additional developments, technical references and hyperlinks
____
📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The use of Proportionality always limiting powers is only justified when it is about sanctions, but sanctions are only one tool among others in Compliance Law, intended moreover to have little place in this Ex Ante branch of Law. And returning to the very nature of Compliance Law, which relies on operators, private or public, because they are powerful, then using proportionality to limite powers is detrimental to Compliance Law.
However, nothing requires that. Compliance Law is not an exception that should be limited. On the contrary, it is a branch of Law which carries the greatest principles, aimed at protecting human beings and whose Normativity lies in its "Monumental Goals": detecting and preventing future major systemic crisis (financial, health and climate ones).
However, literally the principle of Proportionality is: "no more powers than necessary, as many powers as necessary".
The second part of the sentence is independent of the first: this must be used.
Politics having fixed these Monumental Goals, the entity, in particular the company, must have, even tacitly, "all the necessary powers" to achieve them. For example, the power of vigilance, the power of audit, the power over third parties. Because they are necessary to fulfill the obligations that these "crucial operators" must perform as they are "in a position" to do so.
So instead of limiting the powers, the Principe of Proportionality comes to support the powers, to legitimize them and to increase them, so that we have a chance that our future is not catastrophic, perhaps better.
In this respect, Compliance Law, in its rich Definition, will itself have enriched the Principle of Proportionality.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: D. de La Garanderie, "Sur les buts monumentaux de la compliance sociale" ("On the Monumental Goals of Social Compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) et Dalloz, 2022, p. 101-108.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance ): The article first shows that Social Law contributes to the construction of monumental goals in that it directly expresses in a human society the will to build, as for a cathedral, the rights of each person, Compliance being able to constitute the cement.
Secondly, the author takes as demonstrative examples of this the way in which Compliance techniques have effectively advanced the principle of equality between men and women in and through companies via Labour Law, improved health and safety conditions, the fight against harassment, put in place the duty of vigilance from which workers benefit, increased equal pay and now aims at well-being at work.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: B. Petit, "Les buts monumentaux du droit (européen) des relations de travail : un système mouvant aux équilibres à consolider" ("The Monumental Goals of (European) Labour Law: a changing system with balances to be consolidated"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 135-156.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): Labor Law has been built on the pursuit of "monumental goals", many of which are now enshrined in international, european and national standards (social justice, the right to work, gender equality, the fight against discrimination, the fight against harassment, health and hygiene, etc.). The first step will be to shed light on the organization and articulation of these monumental goals, as reflected in positive international and european labor law. We then realize that from a "cardinal monumental goal" - the guarantee of the dignity of the person at work - there are distinct categories of "secondary monumental goals", depending on whether they develop a concern relating to the quality of work, its economic and financial sustainability, or the guarantee at work of civil and political rights recognized upstream to every person.
On this diversity of monumental goals, forces emanating from the concerned actors (companies, trade unions, and States) are exerted and promote certain goals rather than others; one vision of labor relationships rather than others. We observe that the different categories of "monumental goals" thus highlighted are driven by different rationalities, sometimes contradictory to each other, which requires the establishment of permanent balances, allowed by a serious reflection on the cardinal monumental goal of guaranteeing the dignity of the person at work. Unfortunately, in practice, this essential approach escapes the normative actors of labour relations law. The result is "conflicts" of monumental goals that manifest themselves in particular during social dialogue, at the time of collective bargaining and the functioning of employee representative bodies. It will therefore be necessary, in a second step, to question the way in which these conflicts can be arbitrated, bearing in mind that international and European social law is plural (ILO, Council of Europe, European Union) and that the coordination links between the legal systems concerned are fluid.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: Ch. Huglo, "À quelles conditions le droit climatique pourrait-il constituer un but monumental prioritaire ?" ("Under what conditions could Climate Law constitute a priority Monumental Goal?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p.169-174.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author considers that the service that Compliance renders to Society can indeed be considered as "Monumental" and, confronting Compliance with the issue of Climate, considers that Climate Law must become not only a "Monumental Goal", but also be the first. He underlines the deep obstacles to even pose this idea, obstacles of two orders, the first being the fact that Law has rather focused on past pollution, while the stake is also the measurement of the future impact and the prevention. The second is that the many texts and declarations have no direct binding force. It is therefore the courts which today, because of their independence and the place that Science takes in the adversarial debate that takes place before them, Civil Society bringing them the question of the Climate to which they are obliged de jure to answer , take the decisions on the basis of which the "climate justice" is built.
In this, Climate Law invested by Courts joins Compliance Law in the objectives pursued, putting knowledge, prevention and action to preserve what climate issue puts at stake today: Human Dignity.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: L. Benzoni, "Commerce international, compétitivité des entreprises et souveraineté : vers une économie politique de la compliance" ("International trade, competitivity and sovereignty: towards a political economy of compliance"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 453-466.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The author begins his reflection by stating that nations exist through their differentiations, basis of international trade and their possible competition, but that they also exist through their sovereignty, which depends on their capacity not to depend, which specialisation can lead to. Today, the question is more than ever asked. The author believes that the Monumental Goals of Compliance are to preserve the compatibility between the international competitiveness of companies and the ability to assume sovereignty in international trade under a free trade regime. The old mercantilist doctrine based a nation's wealth on its independence, for example on gold, and it was only at the end of the 18th century that trade itself, especially international trade, presented independence as the source of wealth, making sovereignty disappear in the general theory of free trade, soon to be omnipresent and institutionalised by the WTO. But the emergence of Compliance, with its links to corporate environmental, climatic and social responsibility, and the extraterritoriality naturally attached to it, leads to a reconsideration of this principle, with the principle of sovereignty resurfacing. The author then suggests a "climato-mercantilisme" ("climato-mercantilism") that directly involves companies and third parties in a new economic policy, of which Compliance would be a pillar.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: M. Malaurie-Vignal, "Les buts monumentaux du droit du marché. Réflexion sur la méthode" ("The Monumental Goals of Market Law. Reflections on the method"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 85-100.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): The analysis done by this article is about Competition Law, and the methodology needed to be adopted for the technical functioning of this branch of Law. Taking up the various economic and legal theories on this subject, conceptions which have succeeded and clashed, the author develops that the monumental goal of Market Law is to develop an economic environment favorable to businesses and consumers, then asks the question if it could integrate an ethical dimension and more broadly non-economic considerations, in particular humanistic ones.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: R. Bismuth, "Compliance et souveraineté : relations ambigües" ("Compliance and sovereignty: ambiguous relationships"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 439-452.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): At first glance, the notion of Sovereignty is difficult to combine with Compliance. Indeed, Sovereignty is part of Public International Law in a logic of essentially territorial distribution of competences, while Compliance has developed and disseminated in companies with tools and methods which largely ignore borders.
A closer look reveals more fundamentally three types of ambiguous interactions between the two. Compliance can first of all be understood as a tool allowing States, by relying on companies, to circumvent the obstacles and limits posed by a Sovereignty conceived in territorial terms and therefore to extend it. Such an approach can nevertheless lead to friction or even conflicts between Compliance and Sovereignty, the norms conveyed by the first not necessarily being in line with those imposed by the second.
This is particularly true when the Compliance "Monumental Goals" are not unilaterally defined or are not intended to be. Finally, by infusing companies with instruments and methods that are reminiscent of sovereign functions, compliance can also allow us to imagine an emerging movement tending to gradually establish Corporate Sovereignty beyond that of States.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference: R.-O. Maistre, "Quels buts fondamentaux pour le régulateur dans un paysage audiovisuel et numérique en pleine mutation ?" ("What Monumental Goals for the regulator in a rapidly changing audiovisual and digital landscape?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 47-54.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): In France, since the law of 1982 which put an end to the State monopoly on the audio-visual area, the landscape has profoundly evolved and diversified. In view of the multitude of players who are now established there, the Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique - Arcom (French Audiovisual and Digital Regulatory High Council) must ensure the economic balance of the sector and the respect for pluralism, in the interest of all audiences. The growing societal responsibilities of audiovisual media and new digital players have multiplied the "monumental goals" on which the Arcom) is watching.
Its competences have gradually been extended to the digital space and the successive laws concerning its missions aim at new objectives, in particular in terms of protection of minors, fight against online hate or against disinformation. The emergence of a new European model of Regulation makes it possible to give substance to these additional goals, the Regulator adopting a systemic perspective and calling on soft law tools to fulfill its new missions.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full Reference : G. Beaussonie, "Droit pénal et Compliance font-ils système ?" ("Do Criminal Law and Compliance form a system?"), in M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, coll. "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, 2022, p. 157-166.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance): By nature, Criminal Law is a system that is not intended to develop, principles which limit it being internal to it. Nevertheless if Proportionality is respected, its extension may be legitimate to preserve “fundamental social values” because Criminal Law is the branch of Law concerning what is grave, grave in consequences as in causes.
Not always being concerned by Efficiency, the temptation is important to supplement Criminal Law with other repressive mechanisms , not only Administrative Repression but today Compliance which pursues concordant objectives and aims by the "Goals Monumental ”to what would be most important and therefore for which Efficiency would be required, in particular because victory (for example against corruption) should be global.
Efficiency is obtained by the internalisation in powerful companies, but this efficiency comes at a price and Criminal Law should not impose too many obligations to do maintaining only a potential link with the commission of a "real offense ”. Its association with Compliance can therefore also only be exceptional and must not lead to forget that Freedom must always remain the principle.
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Sept. 1, 2022
Thesaurus : Doctrine
► Full reference: André, Ch., Souveraineté étatique, souveraineté populaire : quel contrat social pour la compliance ? (" State sovereignty, popular sovereignty: what social contract for compliance? "), in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Les buts monumentaux de la Compliance, series "Régulations & Compliance", Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz, to be published.
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📕read a general presentation of the book, Les Buts Monumentaux de la Compliance, in which this article is published
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► Summary of the article (done by the Author): The “Compliance Monumental Goals” serve as vectors for “common” social values: the proposal is simple, but it seems both familiar and strange to a criminal lawyer.
Familiar, because even if compliance transcends the borders of academic disciplines, it shares with criminal law a logic sanctioning attacks on social interests. Strange, because Monumental Goals convey social values by sweeping away all the learned discussions that have been going on since Beccaria about the foundations and axiological functions of punishment. Indeed, the social values promoted by Monumental Goals are “common” in every sense of the word.
First, they are shared and internalized by the largest enterprises in the Western world, without the need for an international treaty on protected values. The question of sovereignty is overshadowed.
Second, they are common in that they are commonplace, ordinary, approved of by most Western consumer-citizens: probity, equality, respect for the environment, who would not be in favour of respecting them? Hence it is in companies’ interest to communicate and diffuse, urbi and orbi, how they respect these Monumental Goals. The question of citizens’ consensus on values is sidestepped, as they are supposed to be derived from the obvious (even if the goals could be achieved by different means, or even contradict each other).
Third, these values are common because they now enlist a multitude of communicants (the “compliance officer”, among others) who, more or less gracefully - the meticulous liturgy of compliance can put off some officiants and incite buffoonery - seek to spread the cult of these values at all levels of business. Since these values are respected, they are necessarily respectable: businesses become moralized by the multitude who respect them. Existence precedes essence, and the values conveyed contribute to the businesses’ raison d’être, beyond the pursuit of profit. The question of effectiveness vanishes, since these values are already there, regularly monitored, both internally and by public authorities. Sovereignty, citizenship, effectiveness: the logic of Compliance supplants the academic debates of criminal lawyers with practical solutions. Perhaps this is how the goals are “monumental”: vast, global, overwhelming. Compliance may not be the best of all worlds, but it is most certainly another world.
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