{"id":112127,"date":"2023-03-23T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-23T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/actualites\/vigilance-buts-monumentaux-de-la-compliance-et-soc-2\/"},"modified":"2026-09-23T12:25:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T12:25:02","slug":"thinking-using-vigilance-monumental-goals-working-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/working-papers\/thinking-using-vigilance-monumental-goals-working-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"\ud83d\udea7Thinking and using Vigilance through its Compliance Monumental Goals"},"content":{"rendered":"

vII. THE ENTRY OF VIGILANCE INTO THE FRENCH LEGAL SYSTEM <\/strong><\/u><\/span> <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vigilance <\/em>is an astonishing legal notion since there was so little talk of it before in 2017 an French ecologist deputy took up this word and built on it a bill which perhaps, even if voted, would not have attracted everyone's attention if it had not mobilised so many people against it, if the French Constitutional Council, seized to put the top down, had not said in its decision of 13 March 20171<\/a><\/sup>\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0fDecision of the Conseil constitutionnel<\/em> (French Constitutional Council), 23 March 2017, Loi relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et entreprises donneuses d'ordre<\/em><\/a>: <\/em>"13. Compte tenu de la généralité des termes qu'il a employés, du caractère large et indéterminé de la mention des « droits humains » et des « libertés fondamentales » et du périmètre des sociétés, entreprises et activités entrant dans le champ du plan de vigilance qu'il instituait, le législateur ne pouvait, sans méconnaître les exigences découlant de l'article 8 de la Déclaration de 1789 et en dépit de l'objectif d'intérêt général poursuivi par la loi déférée, retenir que peut être soumise au paiement d'une amende d'un montant pouvant atteindre dix millions d'euros la société qui aurait commis un manquement défini en des termes aussi insuffisamment clairs et précis<\/em>", which we can translate as : "13. Given the generality of the terms he used, the broad and indeterminate nature of the reference to "human rights" and "fundamental freedoms" and the scope of the companies, businesses and activities falling within the scope of the due diligence plan it instituted, the legislator could not, without disregarding the requirements arising from article 8 of the Declaration of 1789 and despite the general interest objective pursued by the law referred to, retain that a company that has committed a breach defined in such insufficiently clear and precise terms may be subject to the payment of a fine of up to ten million euros"; "27. En renvoyant aux articles 1240 et 1241 du code civil dans le nouvel article L. 225-102-5 du code de commerce, le législateur a seulement entendu rappeler que la responsabilité de la société à raison des manquements aux obligations fixées par le plan de vigilance est engagée dans les conditions du droit commun français, c'est-à-dire si un lien de causalité direct est établi entre ces manquements et le dommage. Les dispositions contestées n'instaurent donc pas un régime de responsabilité du fait d'autrui, ainsi que cela ressort, au demeurant, des travaux parlementaires. Par suite, et en tout état de cause, ces dispositions ne méconnaissent pas le principe de responsabilité<\/em>", which we can translate as : "27. By referring to articles 1240 and 1241 of the French Civil Code in the new article L. 225-102-5 of the French Commercial Code, the legislator intended only to point out that the company's liability for breaches of the obligations laid down in the due diligence plan is incurred under the conditions of French ordinary law, i.e. if a direct causal link is established between these breaches and the damage. The contested provisions do not therefore introduce a system of vicarious liability, as is clear from the parliamentary proceedings. Consequently, and in any event, these provisions do not infringe the principle of liability."<\/span> that the devoir de vigilance<\/em> "duty of vigilance" certainly could not be the basis for civil fines but generates a "personal responsibility" for the parent company or the ordering company.  From the long title of this law of 27 March 2017 "relating to the duty of vigilance of parent companies and ordering companies" (relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d'ordre<\/em>), the talkative being always punished, one retains only this word, slamming: Vigilance<\/em>. A name for a Sparrowhawk\ud83d\udcce<\/span>.2<\/a><\/sup>Lire et regarder les Aventures de l'Epervier Vigilance, notamment \ud83d\udcd5L'Epervier Vigilance et le Pays au nom oublié<\/a>, <\/em>2023, paru dans la collection de legal design<\/em> \ud83d\udc79Les Aventures de l'Ogre Compliance<\/a>.<\/em><\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

It is true that the European directive, whose every comma is disputed, does not incorporate this striking vocabulary, using an expression: corporate sustainability due diligence<\/em>, which claims to originate from considerations of competitive equality and refers firstly to the idea of "sustainability", is articulated secondly to other European texts or texts in preparation on sustainability and is deployed more clearly thirdly in Company Law, in particular extra-financial information and sustainability reports. But the link is constantly made by the academic doctrine between this French law of 2017, this soon to be adopted directive and what will later be its transposition into the French legal order3<\/a><\/sup>S. for instance \ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>A. Danis-Fatôme, \ud83d\udcdd<\/span>The proposal for a European Directive on the duty of vigilance: brief views on civil liability<\/a>, 2022 ; \ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>G. Lhuillier, \ud83d\udcdd<\/span>The proposal for a European directive on the duty of care of companies with regard to sustainability<\/a>, 2022.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

However, while the French 2016 law, from which this 2017 law takes up many of the techniques, in particular the drawing up of a plan for the detection and prevention of behaviours that need to be combated, or even eradicated in the future, definitively retains the name of its author – the so-called Sapin 2 Law<\/em> – this French law of 2017 quickly lost the name of the deputy to be called the Vigilance Law<\/em>. <\/p>\n

Maybe because a law is not an academic dissertation and one deduces too quickly that its required normativity would presuppose the absence of definitions, the Legislator moving directly to operational provisions, which the judge of the Judicial Court of Paris later complained about almost aloud in the famous judgement on 28 February 2023, Les amis de la terre et autres c\/ Total Energie<\/em>\ud83d\udcce<\/span>4<\/a><\/sup>\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0fTribunal judiciaire de Paris<\/em> (Judicial Court of Paris), Ordonnance de référé<\/em>, 28 February 2023, Les amis de la terre et autres c\/ Total Energie,<\/em> n° RG 22\/53942 : "La loi pose un principe de devoir de vigilance a\u0300 certaines entreprises qui sont rattache\u0301es territorialement a\u0300 la France, ce principe se concre\u0301tisant par l’obligation faite a\u0300 ces socie\u0301te\u0301s d’adopter un plan de vigilance comportant 5 cate\u0301gories de mesures.<\/em>

\r\n\r\nLe contenu de ces mesures de vigilance demeure ge\u0301ne\u0301ral, e\u0301tant observe\u0301 que le de\u0301cret pre\u0301vu par les dispositions susvise\u0301es pouvant apporter des pre\u0301cisions sur le contenu de ces mesures de vigilance n’est pas paru a\u0300 ce jour.<\/em>

\r\n\r\nLa loi ne vise directement aucun principe directeur, ni aucune autre norme internationale pre\u0301e\u0301tablie, ni ne comporte de nomenclature ou de classification des devoirs de vigilance s’imposant aux entreprises concerne\u0301es.<\/em>

\r\n\r\nLe droit positif ne pre\u0301voit aucun re\u0301fe\u0301rentiel, aucune typologie pre\u0301cise des droits concerne\u0301s ou des mesures au sens des dispositions susvise\u0301es.<\/em>

\r\n\r\nIl n’est pas davantage pre\u0301vu de modus operandi, de sche\u0301ma directeur, d’indicateurs de suivi, d’instruments de mesure devant pre\u0301sider a\u0300 l’e\u0301laboration, a\u0300 la mise en œuvre et a\u0300 l’e\u0301valuation par l’entreprise des mesures ge\u0301ne\u0301rales de vigilance pesant sur elle du chef des dispositions susvise\u0301es.<\/em>

\r\n\r\nAucun organisme de contro\u0302le inde\u0301pendant, ou moniteur, ou d’indicateurs de performance ne sont davantage pre\u0301vus par la loi pour e\u0301valuer ex ante le plan de vigilance adopte\u0301 par l’entreprise ou pour ve\u0301rifier la re\u0301alite\u0301 de l’exe\u0301cution de ce plan ex post, le seul contro\u0302le pre\u0301vu e\u0301tant de\u0301volu au juge qui pour ope\u0301rer ce contro\u0302le devra s’appuyer sur une notion standard « le caracte\u0300re raisonnable » des mesures de vigilances contenues dans le plan de vigilance de l’entreprise, notion impre\u0301cise, floue et souple.<\/em>

\r\n\r\nCette le\u0301gislation assigne ainsi des buts monumentaux de protection des droits humains et de l’environnement a\u0300 certaines cate\u0301gories d’entreprise pre\u0301cisant a\u0300 minima les moyens qui doivent e\u0302tre mis en œuvre pour les atteindre.<\/em>"<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, the "Vigilance Law" does not say what Vigilance is.<\/p>\n

However, mastering Law requires definitions. What would be like an intuition in the face of cases allowing the "recognition" of the imperative of vigilance" is not enough. Moreover, it can exacerbate conflicts because everyone "feels" vigilance according to his or her culture, position, and interest, e.g. companies and NGOs. Conversely, abstract definitions, formulated by a third party, legislator, or judge, reduce these dangers upstream. But the 2017 law went straight to the modalities. To master this notion, one will therefore tend to look beyond this law, which made the notion famous before it was mastered or even known.<\/p>\n

Since the benefit of the academic or institutional doctrine is undoubtedly to increase order in the functioning of the legal system5<\/a><\/sup>Doctrine has great pleasure in reflecting on the role of doctrine. Here, we will simply refer to \ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>Luhmann, for instance \ud83d\udcdd<\/span>L'unité du système juridique<\/a><\/em>, in<\/em> \ud83d\udcd7Le système juridique<\/a>,<\/em> Archives de philosophie du droit<\/em>, 1986. <\/span> , there should at the very least not be a notion of vigilance for each of the laws that use the term, each one drawing its own under the pretext that it develops a specific legal regime. Already and for example, the Banking Compliance Law uses the notion of vigilance, but it is not a duty: it is an obligation, that of the banker, a notion with another content, that of knowing his client (the famous KYC), detecting money laundering or corruption behaviours, then denouncing them6<\/a><\/sup>S. for example \ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>A. Bruneau, \ud83d\udcdd<\/span>The company judges itself: the Compliance function in the bank<\/a>, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>M.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance jurisdictionalisation<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>. Does the intensity change the notion?<\/p>\n

Others rightly pointed out that if the 2017 French legislator had referred to ordinary civil tort law, it was because the latter therefore applied and that from this truism, one could deduce that even outside the particular situation covered by the so-called Vigilance Law, i.e. a value chain, a master company and a concern for human rights and the environment, the Tort Law of liability still had enough force, if not more than ever, to generate an obligation, and not just a "duty"7<\/a><\/sup>On the power of the ordinary Liability Law, s. in the same way \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fA. Danis-Fatôme et \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fG. Viney, \ud83d\udcddLa responsabilité civile dans la loi relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d'ordre<\/a>, 2017 ; particularly with regard to the European directive, \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fA. Danis-Fatôme, \ud83d\udcddThe proposal for a European Directive on the duty of vigilance: brief view on civil liability<\/em><\/a>, 2022.<\/span>. Moreover, there was some concern that the Vigilance Law, insofar as it adds up the conditions and draws the situation concerned, thus creating a case of openness to liability, might not reduce the power of the general Tort Law, based on its generality8<\/a><\/sup>S. in the same way \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM. Fabre-Magnan, ... in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fThomas Clay (dir.), \ud83d\udcd7Mélanges en l'honneur du Professeur Loïc Cadiet<\/em>, 2023.

\r\n\r\nThis article is part of the author's worried, even critical, reflections: .....<\/span>.<\/p>\n

It is true that in the legal system the tem "vigilance" is found more in Civil Law than in Commercial Law, as Economic Law still finds it difficult to fit into this traditional "civil\/commercial" distinction9<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>J.-B. Racine (dir.), \ud83d\udcd5Le droit économique au XXIe siècle. Notions et enjeux<\/a>, <\/em>2020.<\/em><\/span>. This is probably because in a liberal conception of the world, carried by Competition Law, everyone looks after himself and does not care about others or other interests than his own, whereas in the conception of the "civil" human being, parents have the obligation to be vigilant towards their children.<\/p>\n

This sheds light on the saga that led French legal system, which addressed the technical question of the designation of the judge to deal with "vigilance law", a response provided first by case law10<\/a><\/sup>\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0fCom., 15 décembre 2021, n° 21-11.882<\/a><\/span>  and then by the legislation11<\/a><\/sup>Loi n° 2021-1729 du 22 décembre 2021 pour la confiance dans l'institution judiciaire<\/em><\/a>, article 56: "La sous-section 2 de la section 1 du chapitre Ier du titre Ier du livre II du code de l'organisation judiciaire est complétée par un article L. 211-21 ainsi rédigé : « Art. L. 211-21.-Le tribunal judiciaire de Paris connaît des actions relatives au devoir de vigilance fondées sur les articles L. 225-102-4 et L. 225-102-5 du code de commerce. »<\/em>".<\/span>, removing from the commercial judge the possible knowledge of vigilance law litigation and giving it to the civil judge alone. But this is only a respite because the mechanisms of vigilance are contractualised and the commercial judge remains the judge of the commercial contract, in particular of its termination: he will therefore know about it through this means because the legal technique of vigilance is not closed in the 2017 law, even less the general Contract Law\ud83d\udcce<\/span>12<\/a><\/sup>V. \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> and \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fJ.-Ch. Roda (dir.), \ud83e\uddeeLa contractualisation de l'Obligation de Compliance : clause après clause<\/em><\/a>, 20 October 2023, in <\/em>\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0fCycle of symposiums 2023 on the Compliance Obligation<\/em><\/a>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

This also sheds light on the relationship of protection that is established between the 'parent' or 'principal' company and those who work for it, which generates a 'duty' on the former. When reading this vocabulary, how can we not think of Pierre Legendre's work on the parental function of States (La fonction parentale des Etats<\/em>)13<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fP. Legendre, \ud83d\udcd7Les enfants du texte : Étude sur la fonction parentale des États<\/em><\/a>, 1993.<\/span> ? This paternal function would now be entrusted to companies in the globalised economy, some criticizing the paternalism, or even the neo-colonialism, of this benevolent Western vigilance towards countries that are far away.<\/p>\n

Without going into further detail, this shows the extent to which vigilance, which consists in watching another, in constantly observing as if from above14<\/a><\/sup>This externality of method creates considerable methodological challenges for an essential technique: internal investigations.

\r\n\r\nV. \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fS. Scemla et \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fD. Paillot, \ud83d\udcddThe supervisory authorities face difficulties to apprehend the rights of the defence in Compliance matters<\/a>, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (dir.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Jurisdictionalisation<\/em><\/a>, 2023 ; <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche and \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM. Boissavy (ed.), \ud83d\udcd5Compliance et droits de la défense, <\/em>2023.<\/span> a situation for the purpose of detecting in order to make the intervention as effective as possible, in always obtaining information on people and behaviours (detection therefore being the first pillar of the system) for which the company will be accountable for the behaviours, for example through its personal liability (prevention therefore being the second pillar of the system, so as not to come to that). This is why Nicolas Cayrol reminds us that in the field of Compliance, trials are trials not to act responsability but to create responsability15<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fN. Cayrol, \ud83d\udcddProcedural principles in Compliance Law<\/a>, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Jurisdictionalisation<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Why want such a system? To impose such an ambition?<\/p>\n

To achieve Monumental Goals. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

II.UNDERSTANDING THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF VIGILANCE <\/em>THROUGH THE COMPLIANCE MONUMENTAL GOALS<\/strong><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n

Since the Legislator has said so little, it is appropriate to take Vigilance out of this isolation making it incomprehensible and to understand it as a compliance tool, which, like all the others and articulated with them, aiming to achieve Monumental Goals16<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddBuilding by Law the Unicity of Compliance Tools from the Definition of Compliance Law by its "Monumental Goals"<\/a>, in<\/em> \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Tools<\/em><\/a>, 2021.<\/span>. The Monumental Goals of Vigilance work in a circle with the even broader goals of Compliance Law.<\/p>\n

Indeed, in this circle, Vigilance Monumental Goals are only one piece of Compliance Monumental Goals. Compliance Law is a new branch of Law that is defined teleologically, based on these goals. These can be called "monumental" in that they express a great ambition for the future17<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Monumental Goals<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Often, it is about asserting the ambition that the future will not be what it would become if nothing were done here and now: 'Negative Monumental Goals' therefore18<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddCompliance Monumental Goals, Beating Heart of Compliance Law<\/a>, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Monumental Goals<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>. Systemic risk management is the best example. The banking and financial system is familiar with it.<\/p>\n

Positive Monumental Goals" express an even greater ambition: to make progress so that the future is systemically improved through immediate and continuous action. Effective equality between human beings is one example. They underlie a new conception of enterprise.<\/p>\n

Vigilance Monumental Goals fit perfectly into those of Compliance Law, of which they are only one part.<\/strong> Indeed, the concern for the environment and human rights constitute a case of application of these Negative Monumental Goals, by detecting infringements and risks, organising to build a system where, by force, climatic balances will be built, and human beings respected19<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udea7Compliance Law and Climate. To prevent Climate Risk and build Climate Balance<\/em><\/a>, 2022.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\nSince the technical whole can be reduced to a systemic concern for others because the Law relies on the globalisation of economic structures20<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fAssociation Capitant, \ud83d\udcd7La Mondialisation<\/a>, <\/em>2017.<\/span>, a break is then made with the traditional conception of responsibility and if even the more recent conception of Tort Law has developed the preventive function of the latter, it is more towards a responsabilisation of the company, sometimes accepted by the latter, through in particular the legal notions of "raison d'être" and that Vigilance and Compliance lead.<\/p>\n

In this systemic conception of Vigilance, part of Compliance Law whose object is no longer the past, and only takes on the present insofar as present action has a bearing on the future, the criteria for evaluating legal concepts are: effectiveness, efficiency and effectiveness. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dans cette conception systémique de la vigilance, pièce d'un Droit de la Compliance dont l'objet n'est plus le passé, et ne prend même le présent qu'en tant que l'action présente a prise sur l'avenir, les critères d'évaluation des notions juridiques sont : effectiveness, efficacy, efficiency.<\/p>\n

In this respect, those responsible for ensuring Compliance Law ensure first that the instruments (plans, remedies, commitments, training, etc.) are effective<\/strong>, i.e. that they take place, but also that they are efficace<\/strong>: that they have an effect in line with the Monumental Goal sought, this link between implementation and goal being expressed by the legal principle of Proportionality21<\/a><\/sup>In the book \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Monumental Goals<\/em><\/a>, 2023, see in particular \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fL. Rapp, \ud83d\udcddCompliance, Proportionality and Normativity<\/a> and \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche, \ud83d\udcddDefinition of Proportionality and Definition of Compliance Law<\/a>.<\/span> Even more efficiency <\/strong>is achieved when the beneficial systemic effect is achieved, either through a happy negative effect (avoiding systemic loss, e.g. the collapse of the banking sector) or a happy positive effect obtaining systemic surplus, e.g. the effective equality of people).<\/p>\n

Therefore, are only subjects of law that are obliged to comply and, for example, to be vigilant, those entities that are "in a position" to do something regarding these Monumental Goals.<\/p>\n

These "Crucial Operators"22<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcdd\u200bProposition pour une notion : l'opérateur crucial<\/a> <\/em>(Proposal for a notion: the crucial operator), 2006.<\/span>, which are the "systemic" operators in banking, the "ordering companies" in the French 2017 Vigilance <\/em>law, are those which can concretely do something, because they have the informational, implementation, technological, human and financial means.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

III. ARTICULATING VIGILANCE TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE MONUMENTAL GOALS<\/strong><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n

This teleological conception of Vigilance implies that, based on the normativity of the goals for which the Legislator, endowed with the power to watch over the general interest, has established the instruments, the capacities of those who have the means to do so should be mobilised<\/strong>. The company is thus at the heart of Vigilance, which it deploys in the value chains but also within the company to protect and promote climate protection or human rights.<\/p>\n

In the mobilisation of the capacities required by Compliance, the company is chosen not so much because it would be already at fault, according to a sort of "portrait of a born criminal" that would be drawn up of it and its employees, contrary to the principle of freedom, in order to move towards a society of all-supervision, but because it has the de facto<\/em> and de jure<\/em> means to ensure such a mission of general interest.<\/p>\n

As the French 2019 Pacte <\/em>law emphasises, the company can express a raison d'être <\/em>and, because it is in a position to do so, exploit its geographical position, its technology, its human resources, and human beings to help protect human beings. To do this, whether by force or by choice (CSR, raison d'être<\/em>, Benefit Corporation), the company must first and foremost act and make others act, to contribute to a common action.<\/p>\n

More technically, the company must show that it wields its levers, particularly legal ones, to obtain effects, by crossing the tools of others, particularly through Contract Law. In this respect, the duty of care takes he form of recourse to third parties, through "compliance contracts", and is given concrete form in specific stipulations, "compliance clauses"23<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udea7Compliance contract, compliance stipulations<\/em><\/a>, 2022.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Therefore, the more powerful the company is, the more it can carry its duty for the future of the systems and the human beings who will live in them24<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udea7\u200bConceiving Power<\/a><\/em>, 2021.<\/span>. Vigilance presupposes the power of companies, not only because, without reference to any breach, the "position of dominance" generates a "particular responsibility", as the Court of Justice of the European Union has affirmed25<\/a><\/sup>\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0fECJ, 9 November 1983, case 322\/81, Michelin v. Commission<\/em><\/a>, pt. 57: "a dominant position is not in itself a recrimination but simply means that, irrespective of the reasons for which it has such a dominant position, the undertaking concerned has a special responsibility not to allow its conduct to impair genuine undistorted competition on the common market".<\/span>, but also because the power of the company is what enables it to carry out its duty26<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddL'usage des puissances privées par le droit de la compliance pour servir les droits de l’homme<\/em> (The use of private forces by Compliance Law to serve Human Rights), 2023.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

In this respect, Compliance Law differs from Competition Law27<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udea7Competition Law & Compliance Law<\/a><\/em>, 2018.<\/span>,, justifying in particular the gathering of information, alliances between companies and, for example, audits carried out at a third party operator as part of vigilance28<\/a><\/sup>For an Economic Law analysis, \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcdd\u200bAssessment of Whistleblowing and Vigilance Obligation with regard to International Competitiveness<\/a>, i<\/em><\/span>n<\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Monumental Goals<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

The main thing is to measure the margins of each<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Indeed, Compliance is often presented as obeying. The company should comply in all respects, with all regulations, with all standards, and with all regulators, who thus even outside the regulated sectors29<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udea7From Regulation Law to Compliance Law<\/em><\/a>, Working Paper, April 2017.<\/span>, could penetrate all companies, to govern them by Compliance Law.<\/p>\n

It is essential to distinguish between 'consent', that by which the subject bends, and 'will', that by which he expresses his autonomy30<\/a><\/sup>S. in general, \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddRemarques sur la distinction entre la volonté et le consentement en droit des contrats<\/a> <\/em>(Remarks on the distinction between will and consent in Contract Law), 1995.<\/span>. In a liberal system, consent is only the evidentiary trace of the will, is not an autonomous object.  Compliance Law is above all a space for the Wishes that are expressed here and now to build tomorrow31<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddThe Compliance Obligation, between will and consent: obligation on obligation works, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Obligation<\/em><\/a>, 2024.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This creates room for action for everyone. Let's start with companies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Thus the room for action companies is firstly regarding Monumental Goals, which it would be contrary to international public order for them to restrict, but which they can on the one hand strengthen by adhering to them in their own unilateral commitments, and on the other hand increase them by intensifying them, for example in the calendar or in the territory.<\/p>\n

This expression of Will, and not of consent, is deployed in the many "tools of vigilance"32<\/a><\/sup>Vigilance tools are a part of Compliance Tools<\/em>. <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Tools<\/em><\/a>, 2021.<\/span><\/span>. Companies are free to choose the way in which they implement their "Compliance Obligation", of which the duty of vigilance is a variation. They must show what they do and the results of what they do; regulators, judges and stakeholders look at these results. The evidential burden is on the companies33<\/a><\/sup>On the probatory system, almost in the making, \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcdd\u200bThe judge, the compliance obligation, and the company. The Compliance probatory system<\/a>, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Jurisdictionalisation<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>. But this does not mean that they would lose the freedom to choose the instruments.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Stakeholders <\/strong>also have room to express their will. The legislator invites them to participate in the development of technical vigilance tools, while Corporate Law, in which vigilance enters via due diligence, implies a dialogue and that questions are answered.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

By default, the judge <\/strong>is the one before whom wide margins are open for the expression of his will. "By default', because constrained by the weakness of the legislative art, constrained by the obligation in which he has always been, in Civil law systems, for instance under by Article 4 of the French Civil Code to respond to the requests made to him by the subjects of law, in Common Law systems more freely. He will therefore respond. <\/p>\n

The specificity of Compliance, a branch of Law of action that seizes the future, will lead him to adapt his way of conducting the judicial procedure34<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fF. Ancel, \ud83d\udcddThe processual principle of Compliance, a new guiding principle of the trial?, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Jurisdictionalisation<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>. Since everyone is isolated and weak in the face of the future, the judge seeks support, the recourse to amici curiae <\/em>decided by the judicial Court of Paris35<\/a><\/sup>Audition of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche by the Judicial Court of Pais on the Compliance system and the Vigilance, 26th October 2022<\/a>. <\/span> being a sign of this, a modest judge who publicly and by method affirms that, obliged to judge, he does not know everything. Because the alliance is the means of dealing with this weakness, which is common to States, judges, the people concerned and companies, the judge can encourage mediation. And the more monumental the stakes, the more legitimate it is for him to do so36<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddCompliance et Médiation<\/em> (Compliance and Mediation), 2023.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Finally, let us look at Europe<\/strong>'s room for action. Europe is a political project for which the economy has been the most immediately available material. Regulatory and Compliance Law is in the process of finding its place in it, particularly in a political will to regulate the digital space37<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcd3L'apport du Droit de la Compliance dans la Gouvernance d'Internet<\/a> (The contribution of Compliance Law to the Internet Governance)<\/em>, Report asked by the French Government, 2019.<\/span>, for the concretisation of which digital companies in a position to do so are asked to be "vigilant" about what is published in the space they are able to control38<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>R.-O. Maistre, <\/span>\ud83d\udcddWhat monumental goals for the Regulator in a rapidly changing audiovisual and digital landscape?<\/a>, i<\/em><\/span>n<\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>M.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Monumental Goals<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>. Demand with what is called an "extraterritorial effect", which is naturally found in the European Directive on the duty of vigilance, but which is rather aimed at the power of Compliance not to care about territory, which allows it to be effective in immaterial spaces and to be indifferent to borders through the primacy of systemic concern39<\/a><\/sup>On this aspect, \ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>M.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcddThe Principle of Active Systemic Proximity, a corollary of the renewal of the Principle of Sovereignty by Compliance Law<\/a>, in<\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0f<\/span>M.-A. Frison-Roche (ed.), \ud83d\udcd8Compliance Monumental Goals<\/em><\/a>, 2023.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Europe is built on the Rule of Law and the protection of human beings. The ashes of the Second War have made this project permanently urgent. To achieve this human project, Compliance Law is active, in that it puts the human being at the centre40<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udea7What can Compliance Law build relying on the European humanist tradition<\/em><\/a>, 2019.<\/span>. In this perspective, requiring the alliance as a method, obligation, duty, and spontaneous commitment to Vigilance are not only a piece of Compliance: they are the advanced point of this branch of Law that will be revolutionary41<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a> (dir.), \ud83e\uddeeLa Vigilance, pointe avancée des obligations de Compliance (Vigilance, the cutting edge of Compliance obligations)<\/em>, 2023, in <\/em>\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0fCycle of symposiums 2023 on the Compliance Obligation<\/em><\/a>.<\/span>, if it is thought of and practised not as something that forces obedience, but as something that produces alliances. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This right measure<\/strong> of Vigilance therefore implies a shared duty, between States, crucial companies, and stakeholders.<\/p>\n

The 'right mesure' makes it possible to limit powers, first because allying oneself implies that one takes the other into consideration and the probationary system of Compliance will oblige each one to keep track of this consideration. This probationary obligation is intended to be applied to everyone, in a system where everyone justifies himself, in the democratic model of which Habermas has just reminded us of the urgency, particularly in a digital media society42<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fJ. Habermas, \ud83d\udcd7Espace public et démocratie délibérative : un tournant<\/em><\/a>, 2023 ; this must be linked with the report of the Conseil d'État<\/em> (French Council of State), \ud83d\udcd3\u200bLes réseaux sociaux. Enjeu et opportunités pour la puissance publique<\/a>, <\/em>2022.<\/span>.<\/p>\n

This 'right measure' is secondly to be found in the company itself. In the same way that the company must never claim to save the world or to issue universal standards that would form our fundamental norms of behaviour43<\/a><\/sup>In the expression of this fear, \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fG. Teubner, \ud83d\udcd7Fragments constitutionnels. Le constitutionnalisme sociétal à l'ère de la globalisation<\/em><\/a>, translation and preface of Isabelle Aubert, <\/em>2016 ; \ud83d\udd74\ufe0fG. Teubner, \ud83d\udcddL'auto-constitutionnalisation des entreprises transnationales ? Sur les rapports entres les codes de conduite "privés" et "publics" des entreprises<\/a><\/em>, in <\/em>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fA. Supiot (ed.), <\/em>\ud83d\udcd7L'entreprise dans un monde sans frontières. Perspectives économiques et juridiques<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>2015.<\/span>, which would be hubris, in the same way States must not consider that "companies", the legal beings through which companies enter into legal trade, would only be the neutral reflection of Society, a social group of which they alone would be the guardians and for whose good the company would become entirely "vigilant".<\/p>\n

No, it is the Chinese conception which, taking companies as the armed arm of a central policy, charges companies and everyone, bent by a consent whose link with free will has been broken, no longer makes the difference between the Society, whose future is mapped out by the central power, and the companies which become entirely "vigilant", a new nature in a society where secrecy no longer has a place.<\/p>\n

Keeping things in perspective is the biggest challenge in the emerging Vigilance Law.<\/p>\n

Let us count on the judge, who always listens to both, the contradiction being inseparable from him44<\/a><\/sup>\ud83d\udd74\ufe0fM.-A. Frison-Roche<\/a>, \ud83d\udcd5Généralités sur le principe du contradictoire. Etude de droit processuel (Generalities about the Principle of contradictory. Study of Procedural Law)<\/a>, <\/em>thesis Paris II, 1988, published in 2014.<\/span>, to hold this measure thanks to which Compliance and Vigilance will build a future that will be for human beings, the measure of all things, no less worse, or even better, than today.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

_________<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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