{"id":109717,"date":"2019-08-05T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-08-05T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/actualites\/la-transformation-du-droit-de-la-concurrence-en-dr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-09-23T12:26:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T12:26:03","slug":"transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/","title":{"rendered":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. A WORLDWIDE COMPLIANCE PROGRAM<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

As the chairman of the German Competition Authority underlined, the interest of such an "agreement" is to effectively protect the parties, here not the buyers but the sellers, the question of price not being raised, but rather the conditions imposed on sellers in their access to the marketplace maintained by Amazon.<\/p>\n

It is therefore as public authority which supervises the way in which a company takes up a space, that is to say a "crucial company" which itself plays a role of "second level regulator" and correctly exercises a power of organization of this space and of discipline on the actors who exercise their activities there – here the activity of sale of products, which the German competition authority intervened.<\/p>\n

By forcing Amazon to modify these organizational and disciplinary conditions, it has therefore "regulated" the crucial company, that is to say exercised over it a power of Compliance. This is how Law will organize itself more and more, the competition authorities then radically transforming (see Frison-Roche, M.-A., The contribution of Compliance Law in Internet governance, report to the French Government<\/em><\/a>, report to the Government, July 2019).<\/p>\n

Indeed, it follows from this agreement that Amazon could not not accept that Amazon destroyed the provisions by which sellers were removed from the sales area, without motivation, those by which the applicable law was that of Luxembourg. regardless of the law also governing the contractual relations between seller and buyer, the clauses referring to an American court any disputes by the seller of the device applied to him.<\/p>\n

It is remarkable that this agreement, the negotiation of which must have occupied during the 6 months which separated the beginning of the procedure and its closure, has a worldwide scope. Indeed, the sellers are released from these clauses that the transaction takes place on the site Amazon.de (Germany), Amazon.fr (France), Amazon.it (Italy), but also on the American or Asian sites.<\/p>\n

Because digital technology has impacted the so-called "real" world, even when it is a matter of a material object having to leave from one place and arrive at another, a classic subject of Contract Law, because digital constitutes the most widespread intermediation today, the only effective and efficient solution is a global solution.<\/p>\n

What Competition Law in its classic form of Ex Post sanction cannot achieve, limited by the borders of classical law, Compliance Law, in that it is based on an "agreement" with the company can get it. The enterprise just needs to nod. And, as powerful as it is, in Compliance Law, the firm can hardly say No to the public body ….<\/p>\n

Thus, the intrinsically global scope of Compliance Law through compliance programs that companies "accept" because they cannot refuse them, which European banks have complained about so much, is today the solution that the competition authorities adopt to achieve the required solutions.<\/p>\n

For example, allowing sellers to have an effective and rapid remedy when they are excluded from the place of sale (on the need for such a remedy, see Frison-Roche, M.-A., The contribution of Compliance Law in Internet governance, report to the French Government<\/em><\/a>, July 2019), do not subject them to the jurisdiction of legal systems and jurisdictions equivalent for them to an absence of Law.<\/p>\n

We can see here that the Compliance requirements meet the fundamental principle of access to the Law.<\/p>\n

Such a decision by the German Competition Authority shows that the latter directly takes the protection of the person as its primary concern.<\/p>\n

This is indeed the very object of Compliance Law, which makes it the branch of Law articulating with Competition Law for the future of Europe (see Competition Law and Compliance Law<\/a>, 2018; Pour une Europe de la Compliance<\/a><\/em>, 2019).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

II. UN PROGRAMME DE COMPLIANCE INTEGRANT UN COMPORTEMENT PROCEDURAL LOYAL DANS L'EXERCICE D'UN POUVOIR DISCIPLINAIRE ET D’ORGANISATION PAR AILLEURS REQUIS<\/strong><\/p>\n

En effet, ce qu’exige l’Autorité allemande de la Concurrence ce n’est pas qu’elle cesse de contraindre les vendeurs, par exemple en s’autorisant à les exclure de la « place de marché », en cas de manquement aux règles de comportement édictés par Amazon.<\/p>\n

Mais l’on peut distinguer dans l’exercice d’un pouvoir de discipline sur les opérateurs et d’organisation d’une place que l’on tient, ce qui implique un pouvoir de standardiser.<\/p>\n

A. La fin d’un exercice déloyal d’un pouvoir disciplinaire par ailleurs requis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mais tout d’abord, l’Autorité a exigé que soit mis fin au principe d’irresponsabilité qu’une disposition des conditions de fonction (« liability provision ») avait posé au profit d’Amazon. Désormais la responsabilité d’Amazon pourra être engagée à l’égard des vendeurs dans les mêmes conditions qu’elle l’est dans les relations entre professionnels sur des places de marché en ligne.<\/p>\n

Il est ensuite mis fin au droit discrétionnaire (« unlimited right ») d’Amazon de bloquer un compte d’un vendeur, soit en respect un délai de 30 jours, soit pour un manquement allégué, tout blocage devant être justifié.<\/p>\n

Il est mis fin à la compétence exclusive de la Cour de Luxembourg, parce que cela rend l’accès à la justice trop difficile pour les plus petits vendeurs. On notera ici que cette présentation d’un « accord » est proche de la motivation d’un jugement…. Il est précisé que les juridictions nationales peuvent donc être saisies elles-aussi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B. La fin d’un exercice déloyal d’un pouvoir d’organisation par ailleurs requis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le teneur d’un marché doit standardiser les produits qui sont proposés sur la place qu’il tient, même s’il n’est que l’intermédiaire entre le vendeur et l’acheteur. Il doit surtout standardizer l’information qui porte sur ces produits offerts.<\/p>\n

L’Autorité de la concurrence admet à ce titre qu’Amazon puisse obtenir des vendeurs des informations très étendues sur les produits qu’ils mettent sur la place tenue par Amazon et auxquels Amazon associe son nom.  <\/p>\n

Mais il est mis fin à l’obligation du vendeur (« parity requirement ») de donner autant d’informations sur le produit que celles mises à son propos sur un autre  site, sauf pour Amazon à imposer des standards de qualité du produit, justifiant des informations spécifiques, et ayant pour effet heureux d’accroître la concurrence entre les places de marché en ligne.<\/p>\n

Le principe de transparence devra être accru, par exemple pour permettre aux vendeurs de comprendre les mécanismes de notation, les vendeurs soupçonnant qu’Amazon fait en sorte que les produits qu’il vend lui-même soient mieux notés… ; cette question, qui est celle des conflits d’intérêts, est en train d’être examinée par la Commission européenne <\/a>; tandis que les obligations de confidentialité devront être réduites, par exemple l’obligation pour un vendeur d’obtenir l’autorisation d’Amazon pour dire qu’ils sont en relation d’affaires.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C’est donc une réécriture des conditions d’organisation et de discipline, par ailleurs non contestés dans leur principe, qui a été faite par l’Autorité de la concurrence, avec effet immédiat.<\/p>\n

Le temps pertinent est bien le futur.<\/p>\n

D’amende, il n’en est pas question. Car les amendes ne sont pas le sujet : le fonctionnement efficace et loyal d’un monde digitalisé et tenu par des « entreprises cruciales » dont Amazon fait partie, et dont l’importance ne justifie pourtant pas qu’elles sont nos maîtres, justifie pleinement une telle décision que l’entreprise ne pouvait qu’accepter.<\/p>\n

Elle appartient pleinement à une logique de Compliance, permettant ainsi de « réguler une entreprise » dans un environnement qui n’est pourtant pas un secteur régulé au sens classique du terme, puisque le monde entier est aujourd’hui numérisé, le monde dit « réel » étant intermédié à tout proposé par les opérateurs numériques.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

III. UN EXEMPLE DE LA TRANSFORMATION DU DROIT DE LA CONCURRENCE EN DROIT DE LA COMPLIANCE : L'ANALOGIE AVEC LA REGULATION FINANCIER ET LE STATUT DES PLACES FINANCIERES, REGULATEURS DE SECOND DEGRE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dès le départ, en ouvrant la procédure de sanction, l'Autorité a souligné qu'Amazon avait une fonction spéciale : "Amazon functions as a kind of “gatekeeper” for customers". <\/em>Ce n'est donc pas la puissance qui fait naître une "responsabilité" particulière au regard des autres acteurs du marché que sont les concurrents, mais ici le fait qu'Amazon fonctionne comme une sorte de "place de marché". L'expression de "marketplace" est d'ailleurs très usuelle dans le numérique et utilisée par les différents teneurs de marché. <\/p>\n

C'est donc en tant qu'il défend les intérêts des demandeurs qu'Amazon est l'intermédiaire face aux vendeurs. Cela fait penser à l'Autorité des marchés financiers qui a pour fonction de protéger l'épargne publique, c'est-à-dire les épargnants, dans un système d'asymétrie d'information.<\/p>\n

Cela confère à l'entreprise qui "garde" la place qu'elle a construite une obligation asymétrique : ici la protection des consommateurs, qui ne savent pas ce qu'ils vont recevoir, puisqu'ils ne peuvent pas voir les produits. <\/p>\n

Il en résulte un pouvoir disciplinaire, qui se traduit dans les conditions générales de vente, qui peuvent légitimement être plus dures pour les vendeurs qu'elles ne le sont dans des relations bilatérales ordinaires où deux parties égales ne sont pas en asymétrie d'information, notamment parce que l'acheteur voit le produit et peut donc évaluer sa qualité au regard du prix qui en est demandé. <\/p>\n

Mais de ce pouvoir disciplinaire, il ne faut pas exagérer … ;<\/p>\n

On retrouve alors exactement la définition du Droit de la Régulation.<\/p>\n

En effet celui-ci postule que l'activité en cause est licite. Ici le pouvoir d'organisation et de discipline est licite.<\/p>\n

Mais elle ne doit pas être discrétionnaire, non motivée, sans limite, etc.<\/p>\n

C'est pour cela qu'une autorité publique doit intervenir.<\/p>\n

Si la façon de réguler ne peut prendre la forme que de l'intervention à l'intérieur même de l'entreprise, parce que c'est elle qui tient l'espace, alors la Régulatio portera sur l'entreprise elle-même (v. Frison-Roche, M.-A., Les entreprises cruciales et leur régulation<\/a>, 2014).<\/p>\n

Le Droit de la Régulation se transforme alors en Droit de la Compliance puisqu'il s'agit, comme en l'espèce,   à entrer dans l'entreprise qui tient elle-même la place de marché et à lui imposer directement ce qu'elle peut exiger de ceux qu'elle contrôle et à lui imposer là où elle doit arrêter ses propres pouvoirs discipline qu'elle tient de sa position de teneur de marché (sur le mouvement entre "Régulation, Supervision et Compliance", v. Frison-Roche, M.-A., Régulation, Supervision, Compliance<\/a>, <\/em>2017). <\/p>\n

Les Autorités de concurrence sont-elles le mieux placés pour cela ? <\/p>\n

Sans doute pas, mais parce que pour l'instant le Droit de la Compliance n'est en cours de construction (Frison-Roche, M.A., Le Droit de la Compliance, <\/em>à paraître), elles ont le grand mérite de réagir et de prendre les mesures appropriées. <\/p>\n

Comme en l'espèce, et d'une façon exemplaire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. A WORLDWIDE COMPLIANCE PROGRAM As the chairman of the German Competition Authority underlined, the interest of such an "agreement" […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":67204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36290,43538],"tags":[],"type_de_fiche":[36688],"matiere":[36740],"class_list":["post-109717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cv-economic-law-publications","category-articles-jorc","type_de_fiche-articles-in-the-journal-of-regulation-compliance-jorc","matiere-economic-law-regulation-and-compliance"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTHE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019 - mafr<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019 - mafr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"I. A WORLDWIDE COMPLIANCE PROGRAM As the chairman of the German Competition Authority underlined, the interest of such an "agreement" […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"mafr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-08-05T12:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-23T12:26:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mafr-import\/media\/mafr\/assets\/logos\/bundeskartellamt.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"194\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"259\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Matthieu Cholin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Matthieu Cholin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Matthieu Cholin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dd859d9af030febaecc5ccb5225ab330\"},\"headline\":\"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-08-05T12:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-23T12:26:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2272,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/02f69687b30aec6fc6b83610279d8bea\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/mafr-import\\\/media\\\/mafr\\\/assets\\\/logos\\\/bundeskartellamt.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Publications Related to Economic Law and Regulatory and Compliance Law\",\"Articles in the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/\",\"name\":\"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019 - mafr\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/mafr-import\\\/media\\\/mafr\\\/assets\\\/logos\\\/bundeskartellamt.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-08-05T12:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-23T12:26:03+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/mafr-import\\\/media\\\/mafr\\\/assets\\\/logos\\\/bundeskartellamt.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/mafr-import\\\/media\\\/mafr\\\/assets\\\/logos\\\/bundeskartellamt.jpg\",\"width\":194,\"height\":259},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Publications\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Articles\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Articles in the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/articles-jorc\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"MAFR\",\"description\":\"Marie-Anne Frison-Roche\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/02f69687b30aec6fc6b83610279d8bea\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/02f69687b30aec6fc6b83610279d8bea\",\"name\":\"Marie-Anne Frison-Roche\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg\",\"width\":696,\"height\":696,\"caption\":\"Marie-Anne Frison-Roche\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mafr.fr\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dd859d9af030febaecc5ccb5225ab330\",\"name\":\"Matthieu Cholin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e5e360436f2d8881fa028279894d36551ebdab1e06e8a782c57c631f1d6a25d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e5e360436f2d8881fa028279894d36551ebdab1e06e8a782c57c631f1d6a25d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e5e360436f2d8881fa028279894d36551ebdab1e06e8a782c57c631f1d6a25d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Matthieu Cholin\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019 - mafr","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019 - mafr","og_description":"I. A WORLDWIDE COMPLIANCE PROGRAM As the chairman of the German Competition Authority underlined, the interest of such an "agreement" […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/","og_site_name":"mafr","article_published_time":"2019-08-05T12:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-09-23T12:26:03+00:00","og_image":[{"width":194,"height":259,"url":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mafr-import\/media\/mafr\/assets\/logos\/bundeskartellamt.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Matthieu Cholin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Matthieu Cholin","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/"},"author":{"name":"Matthieu Cholin","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/dd859d9af030febaecc5ccb5225ab330"},"headline":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019","datePublished":"2019-08-05T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-23T12:26:03+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/"},"wordCount":2272,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/02f69687b30aec6fc6b83610279d8bea"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mafr-import\/media\/mafr\/assets\/logos\/bundeskartellamt.jpg","articleSection":["Publications Related to Economic Law and Regulatory and Compliance Law","Articles in the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/","url":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/","name":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019 - mafr","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mafr-import\/media\/mafr\/assets\/logos\/bundeskartellamt.jpg","datePublished":"2019-08-05T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-23T12:26:03+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mafr-import\/media\/mafr\/assets\/logos\/bundeskartellamt.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mafr-import\/media\/mafr\/assets\/logos\/bundeskartellamt.jpg","width":194,"height":259},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/transformation-of-competition-law-into-ex-ante\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publications","item":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Articles","item":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Articles in the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)","item":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/articles\/articles-jorc\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPETITION LAW INTO EX ANTE COMPLIANCE LAW: THE AMAZON CONSTRAINT AGREEMENT IMPOSED BY THE BUNDESKARTELLAMT ON 17 JULY 2019"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/","name":"MAFR","description":"Marie-Anne Frison-Roche","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/02f69687b30aec6fc6b83610279d8bea"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/02f69687b30aec6fc6b83610279d8bea","name":"Marie-Anne Frison-Roche","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg","width":696,"height":696,"caption":"Marie-Anne Frison-Roche"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Marie-Anne-Frison-Roche.jpg"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/dd859d9af030febaecc5ccb5225ab330","name":"Matthieu Cholin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e5e360436f2d8881fa028279894d36551ebdab1e06e8a782c57c631f1d6a25d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e5e360436f2d8881fa028279894d36551ebdab1e06e8a782c57c631f1d6a25d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e5e360436f2d8881fa028279894d36551ebdab1e06e8a782c57c631f1d6a25d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Matthieu Cholin"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109717"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109717\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120490,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109717\/revisions\/120490"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109717"},{"taxonomy":"type_de_fiche","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/type_de_fiche?post=109717"},{"taxonomy":"matiere","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/matiere?post=109717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}