{"id":107121,"date":"2015-11-08T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-11-08T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/actualites\/les-consequences-regulatoires-dun-monde-repensee-a-2\/"},"modified":"2026-09-23T12:28:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T12:28:42","slug":"regulatory-consequences-of-a-world-redesigned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mafr.fr\/en\/publications\/working-papers\/regulatory-consequences-of-a-world-redesigned\/","title":{"rendered":"THE REGULATORY CONSEQUENCES OF A WORLD REDESIGNED FROM THE CONCEPT OF “DATA”"},"content":{"rendered":"

Law is a reconstruction of the world through definitions and categories, by words, to which connects the body of rules. There is always a share of invention in Law hand and a fidelity to the concrete world that Law transcribes to better govern this reality. . However, the term "data" is fairly imprecise.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

FIRST : DATA, AN IMPRECISE AND FRAGILE NOTION <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Indeed, "data" are not precisely defined. Even if we take the term "personal data", for example in the French and European Legislation 1<\/a><\/sup>Comme le prévoit pourtant dans sa définition l'article 2 de la loi Informatique et libertés<\/em> (v. supra<\/em>). En effet, la jurisprudence de la CEDH a consacré l'idée que les personnes morales, les entreprises et les institutions ont une "vie privée" et ces différentes organismes ont de multiples données qui leurs sont propres.<\/span>. If one refers to the article of the European directive, the definition refers to any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. But the decisional practice of the Regulators has produced a more accurate conception. Indeed, in casuistry developed by the case-Law elabored by Regulators that have always given relevance to the capacity by one who has any information to "recognize" a natural person, that is to say to make a link between this information and natural person he can find and distinguish this person  from other (identification process). More precisely,  Regulators now refer to "personal data" not so much in relation to the person to whom they relate but compared to the use that is made, or for which the "data" has been collected, processed and preserved2<\/a><\/sup>V. supra<\/em>. V. plus précisément Jubé, S. ..., in Supiot, A., ...<\/span>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. The uncertainty of the concept of "data"<\/span><\/p>\n

What is considered by the legal protection mechanisms, it is primarily the technical capacity to isolate a person in the mass of other people, coupled with the ability to extract information that may constitute even potentially a danger to herself or others. This is why the "Personal dimension", which is for the person that the 'substantial quality' is for the substance in the contract law, can only be understood in relation to the purpose for which the information on this person is collected.<\/p>\n

A "data" can be defined more generally as factual elements that a person extracts from the real world, that is to say information3<\/a><\/sup>Pour plus de nuances, du fait que certaines sources d'information peut faire présumer certains usages, par exemple des informations ayant pour source l'orientation sexuelle des personnes, v. infra. <\/em><\/span>.  Data is always a segment of the real, which is a mass. Taking the example of "personal data", it is opposed to the mass of the real, which is contrast "anonymous" because the world can never be reduced to one person. So when the neutralization of the harmfulness of personal data takes the form of anonymisation of data, this is only a return to what characterizes reality: being a magma.<\/p>\n

But here we find the distinction difficult and often sought between the "given" and the "constructed" because we know that the information is itself a construction, since it does dut off a part of the reality only for isolate it (e.g. the address of a person). This division is usually operated by somebody (a business, a government, etc.) in order to be able to be juxtapose this part of reality to other realities selected by it (for example at other personal adresses) in a relevant link that will appear only by the use to be made (eg the creation of a list, to send relevant advertising, to monitor a group, etc.).<\/p>\n

Science, which is subjective art to draw up information, is a construction of the world. Thus, what is called for under the new term "metadata" is the build of new information systems, and reports it in an old mechanism4<\/a><\/sup>V. par exemple Le privé et le public<\/em>, Archives de Philosophie du Droit, ...<\/span>. One can take the example of the accounting mechanism of "balance", which juxtaposes accounting data. These, juxtaposed in accounting items, then by accounting restatements, end up producing “financial information”5<\/a><\/sup>Frison-Roche, M.-A., Le droit de la régulation<\/em>, 2001.<\/span>, which can be said that it consists of metadata which the company and its stakeholders are the sources.<\/p>\n

The data don't escape this non-immediacy between reality and the image that gives information. Without joking, it is some building into a « donnée »6<\/a><\/sup>Voir d'une façon plus générale, Frison-Roche, M.-A.,, L'ordre public économique<\/em>, 2015.<\/span>. This constructed nature of the data comes not only from the fact that information is a construction but also the fact that data has value because inserted in a "database", a "database", whose architecture is protected as a human creation. It is also because the data was influenced by the regulatory system of which it is subject.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Law is a reconstruction of the world through definitions and categories, by words, to which connects the body of rules. 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